Ocre world mushrooms. Presentation on the World of Mushrooms
Mold mushroomsor we can find mold on food debris. Mold mushrooms love heat, moisture, nutrition. Mold fungi can be dangerous to human health and life, but can also be beneficial. For example, they are used for making cheese and for the manufacture of certain medicines.
Another type of mushroom is yeast. They are very common in nature. Yeast participate in the fermentation process, which is used in the food industry (baking), winemaking and brewing. Yeast contains a number of vitamins and proteins. Brewer's yeast is used even in medicine.
The next variety is hat mushrooms. With them you often meet in nature. These mushrooms are divided into tubularand lamellar. Lamellar fungi show small lamellae below the cap, and tubular mushrooms show a sponge.
At least once in a lifetime, every person picks mushrooms. Mushrooms have long been popular in Russia. Mushrooms are always present on the table in the winter, and in the summer, on weekdays and holidays. Many Russian proverbs are associated with mushrooms.
Every fungus know your term.
Where there is one fungus, there is another.
Let's look at the structure of the cap mushroom. These mushrooms have legand hatthat are above the ground. Tucked away mycelium inside the soil, we do not see her.
There is a large community in the forest between animals, plants and mushrooms. The mushroom picker takes moisture from the soil and, together with minerals, gives these nutrients to the tree. And the tree, in turn, also thanks the mycelium and gives it mineral salts. Animals eat plants and mushrooms, as well as treat them.
Everyone in childhood guessed a riddle: Antoshka is standing on one leg, no matter who passes, he gives every bow. But is it worth it to each such Antoshka to bow? Let's figure it out.
Among the mushrooms there are beneficial for humans, they are called edible. These mushrooms very often coexist with trees and shrubs and settle nearby. These mushrooms include white mushroom. This mushroom has a shiny hat of brownish tones, spongy at the bottom, its leg is white or yellowish.
Next mushroom - boletusthat grows under the aspen. This mushroom has a velvet or dark brown hat, its leg has dark scales and a sponge at the bottom.
Boletus look under the birch. This mushroom has a smooth hat from white and brown colors, spongy bottom like the previous mushrooms, the leg is thin in scales.
Ginger likes to grow under pines and firs. The hat has a funnel shape, the bottom of the plate, he himself is orange in color, the leg is the same color.
Honey agaric loves stumps and grows in piles. The honey agaric has a smooth cap of brown-burgundy tones, yellow below with a splash, the leg is thin.
All these mushrooms are edible and beneficial to humans. You can supplement many yourself. For example, this waveworm, flywheel and oiler.
Should also consider poisonousand inedible mushrooms. There are also a lot of them. These mushrooms have many doubles. Therefore, they are dangerous to humans, as they are misleading. The first one is satanic mushroomwhich is very similar to cep. He also has a smooth hat, from grayish to pale yellow tones. The leg is similar to the leg of a cep, only in the middle there are red nets.
The fox is false has a funnel shape and the same orange color as the real one. This also gives itself out.
Red fly agaric has a red hat or bright orange, white dots on top, the leg is thin with a ringlet.
The most poisonous mushroom is a pale toadstool.. It is very dangerous for humans. Toadstool has a white hat, yellowish and even greenish. At the bottom of this plate head, a thin leg with a collar.
All these mushrooms are dangerous, so never collect them, and the list can be continued.
To avoid getting into trouble when picking mushrooms, you should remember very useful rules. :
1) Never pick mushrooms that you do not know.
2) Do not pick old and wormy mushrooms.
3) Do not pick mushrooms near highways and roads.
4) Go through the mushrooms right away when you pick them.
If you use these useful tips, then picking mushrooms will bring you only joy and pleasure.
In the next lesson, you will learn what parts of hat mushrooms are called. Consider the different shapes and colors of mushroom caps and divide them into groups.
1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world around 1. - M .: Russian word.
2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around 1. - M .: Education.
3. Gin A.A., Fire S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around 1. - M .: VITA-PRESS.
3. Educational portal of the city of Murmansk ().
1. Describe the kingdom of mushrooms.
2. Name the edible and poisonous mushrooms.
3. Tell us the rules for picking mushrooms in the forest.
4. Mark with a plus the statement with which you agree
· Poisonous mushrooms are not needed in the forest.
· Poisonous mushrooms must be destroyed.
· Only edible mushrooms are needed in the forest.
· All mushrooms are needed in the forest: both poisonous and edible.
· Collect only those mushrooms that you know well;
· When looking for mushrooms, bust and scatter leaves and moss to the side. So the mushrooms will be better visible;
· Do not take old mushrooms, they may contain poison;
· It is best to pick mushrooms near highways, so as not to travel far;
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary school number 10"
Project on:
“Such amazing mushrooms”
The world around us
2nd grade
Prepared by: primary school teacher
Gorshkova Svetlana Viktorovna
MBOU secondary school №10
Municipal Ruzayevsky district
Municipal Ruzayevsky district
year 2013
Project Objectives:To form an idea of \u200b\u200bmushrooms as a special kingdom of wildlife;
Introduce a variety of mushrooms;
Introduce edible and inedible mushrooms;
Tell about the rules for picking mushrooms;
The formation of skills to work with additional literature, in order to highlight the most interesting and important information for the message;
To cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.
Project Objectives:
- To hold a competition of drawings and applications on the theme "Mushrooms"
- Prepare reports on edible and inedible mushrooms, find interesting information.
- Organize an exhibition of the best works.
- Make baby books on this topic.
- Collect material: riddles, proverbs, folk signs about mushrooms.
- Hold a research conference on this topic.
Today we will bring to your attention the work of students in grade 2. The guys worked on the project "Mushrooms - part of wildlife."
Stages of the project:
Week 1.
Project topic message.
Students receive an individual task - to pick up and bring material about any type of mushroom and think about the design of their future message.
Students exchange information found. The diversity of the mushroom world is discussed.
Making your message.
2 week.
Exhibition of Baby Books.
Division into groups:
What are mushrooms?
Edible mushrooms.
Inedible mushrooms.
Rare mushrooms
Mushrooms in folk wisdom.
Discussion of proposals in groups, group work.
(The teacher controls the activities of each group, directs the work)
3 week.
Report of each group on the work done. Combining work into a single whole. Create a presentation.
Dear guys and dear guests! Today our lesson is not easy, we are going to an extraordinary country where living creatures live. Most of them are inhabitants of land, but there are also aquatic ones. They settle on plant and animal remains, on living organisms, on food, on metal and rubber products, and even on plaster in an apartment. Who can answer me, what kind of creatures are these? Of course, these are mushrooms.
Group 1 “What are mushrooms?”
- Mushrooms are amazing creatures, because they can not be called either plants or animals. They form a special independent kingdom and occupy an intermediate position between animals and plants.
Mushrooms form a separate kingdom of living organisms. When it comes to them, people usually imagine hat mushrooms - those that are collected in a basket. However, in the world there are a great many completely different mushrooms, the existence of which many are unaware of.
The most used microscopic fungus is yeast. Many thousands of years ago, people drew attention to the fact that grape juice, once warm, begins to change surprisingly. Gas bubbles float in it, and some flakes fall on the bottom of the vessel. Juice turns into wine. The settled flakes were called yeast - from the word "tremble." People in ancient times thought that juice changes by itself, as if by magic. Now we know that yeast changes it.It turns out that not only man learned to use yeast for his needs. An ordinary mosquito grows them in a special section of the esophagus. When he sticks his proboscis into human skin, carbon dioxide dissolved in it is injected into the wound along with his saliva. Yeast itself gets there. Carbon dioxide helps the mosquito to suck blood, slowing down its coagulation. And the yeast itself causes a familiar itchy blister at the site of an insect bite.There are also many types of molds that live in forests, where they imperceptibly but constantly destroy dead wood, flying leaves and fallen needles.
The diverse life of fungi and their functions are necessary on the earth, although they bring both benefit and harm to humans. A person, as a good owner, must learn to use their beneficial properties and avoid the harm that they can cause.2 group "Hat mushrooms" Hat mushrooms.- Why are the names of many mushrooms associated with the names of trees: boletus, boletus, oak tree? It turns out that the mycelium of these mushrooms braids the small roots of the corresponding trees with a white fluffy cover. The fungus helps the plant absorb mineral salts and water, and it receives mineral substances from it. This collaboration increases the ability of roots to absorb substances from the soil thousands of times! Oaks, pines and many other plants without mushrooms are simply not able to live. In the same way, most cap mushrooms could not form a fruiting body without trees: they simply would not have the strength to do this.
Worth Lukashka, White shirt, And the hat is on Chocolate color.
White mushroom.
Other names: Borovik, Belovik, Buravik, Cow, Barn, Mullein, Cow, Wood grouse, reaper, Pechura,
teddy bear, string, pusher.
Most coveted in a mushroom picker basket. It is appreciated for its high palatability and for the ability to use it in all types of processing. Boletus edulis can be boiled, dried and salted, pickled and fried.
The pulp of the mushroom is dense, with a pleasant mushroom smell and the taste of a fresh nut, always white, does not darken at a break and in a cut.
Fresh mushroom smells nothing, but when dried it is the most fragrant. Among porcini mushrooms there are real giants, up to 6 kg in weight. White mushroom is found in forests of all basic types, but the forest must be old, at least 50 years old. The mushroom also grows singly, but more often in groups, families, usually under sparse, deciduous birches, in shrubs of willow, near junipers. This mushroom has noticeable companions: anthills, valuys, fly agarics. There are about 18 forms of cep.
Japanese and American scientists have found anti-cancer agents in porcini mushrooms.The white mushroom is especially beautiful in pine forests, where dark brown hats with a light dark cherry hue grow from the white moss cover. It seems that it’s hard for a person to come up with a more beautiful picture. Only nature can create it. Silent hunt for porcini mushrooms is the most fascinating and unforgettable trip.
Very friendly sisters
They walk in red berets
Autumn is brought to the forest in summer.
Golden ... Chanterelles.
Chanterelle grows in small groups, both in deciduous forests and in conifers. This mushroom is easily recognizable by its shape and color, which resembles an egg yolk. It appears at the end of spring and meets until the fall, often it hides among the moss. Unfortunately, in some regions it is found less and less. Its disappearance is associated with increasing air pollution. The chanterelle hat is first convex, then it takes the shape of a funnel. The edges of the cap are wrapped to the leg, then become wavy, and then rise up. The leg is the same color as the hat. Up it expands.
This mushroom is known by its name - cockerel.
Fans of mushrooms are well acquainted with the chanterelle. Its white flesh smells good and tastes great even when raw or dried. This mushroom is not only eaten, but also drunk! This is one of the most famous mushrooms that is used to make liquor.
But not only we love this mushroom. Red slug feeds on delicious flesh flesh. The red squirrel also eats it with pleasure, however, like the boar with boars.
There are no friendly mushrooms like these,
Adults and children know.
Stumps grow in the forest
Like freckles on the nose.
Mushrooms .
Almost all mushrooms, even pale grebe, bring only benefits to the forest, carefully take care of trees and make friends with them. And the honey agaric is a real aggressor and invader. From his stumps - he continually arranges "raids" on neighboring trees, reaching for them with the black cords of his mycelium. It will be bad for a tree that the mushroom has reached for. Slowly but surely it will destroy the wood. One involuntarily rejoices at a mushroom picker who has fallen into the forest and is completely overgrown with mushroom "fur coats" of open-air mushrooms. But you need to know between the fact that the forest is weakened and very sick. You don’t even know how to behave - either carefully cut the mushrooms, like porcini or chanterelles, or start to tear their brown threads, similar to electric cords. Why mushrooms are called mushrooms by electric cords, because these threads phosphorically glow. Only the glow can be observed only at night.
Poisonous mushrooms.
There is a harmful old woman, Her hat is pale,
And the leg in the boot On a motley stocking.
Who touches her He will not wake up.
Death cap - a kind of champion, the most poisonous mushroom in the world. The venom of a pale toadstool is not destroyed either by boiling or by frying. These mushrooms do not go even worms. Therefore, the only way to avoid poisoning is to be able to recognize this fungus well. Its distinguishing features are the ring on the leg, the “cup” at its base, and the white color of the hat plates. But few people know that small doses of pale toadstools were used in antiquity to combat a terrible disease - cholera.
Everyone knows for a long time,
Elegant mushroom - fly agaric
On a high leg
In a drape skirt
And on a red hat - White snowflakes.
Amanita.
Unlike the grebe, nature endowed it with extraordinary beauty, but this beauty is deceiving. This beautiful mushroom has a red or red-orange hat with white flakes on the surface. After rain, the white spots or flakes of fly agaric disappear. The leg is white, and at the top of the legs is a white membranous ring, or as the people call it “skirt”. Amanita poison causes choking, fainting. But from a medical point of view, fly agaric is useful for the treatment of many diseases. Even forest inhabitants, like moose, are treated by them. Various homeopathic remedies are prepared from red fly agaric.
3 group “Rare mushrooms”
Rare mushrooms.
In 1984, 20 species of mushrooms were listed in the Red Book of our country for the first time. Many of them still grow in reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, where their collection is prohibited. But in other places, these mushrooms are extremely rare. All of them, as a rule, have an unusual appearance: a fancy color, shape, large size.Mushroom cabbage - This miracle of the mushroom world with its appearance really resembles a cabbage. It only grows not in the garden, but at the foot of conifers. Wavy, densely pressed to each other blades extend from a bare foot, strongly sinuous, yellowish along the edge. They are very reminiscent of curly leaves of parsley or seaweed. The amazing mushroom has the shape of a ball with a diameter of up to 35 cm and a weight of up to 10 kg.Great mushroom cabbage, andmushroom -ram more. If you are very lucky, then at the end of summer at the base of trunks and stumps of old deciduous trees you can meet a “mushroom bush” with a strong pleasant smell. There is only one mushroom, and he has a great many “branches” with curly hats. On one copy of the mushroom, there are up to 200 hats. The diameter of the mushroom reaches 50-80cm, and weight 10kg or more. And this giant grows in 8-10 days. A lucky mushroom picker will find such a "bouquet" you can go home with rich booty.Tinder fungus - edible giant mushroom. A very regular ball with a diameter of up to 50 cm consists of numerous white legs connected to each other in the center of the ball. Each supports a 2-4cm hat of light brown or gray-brown color. Flat hats with a small indentation in the center are tightly pressed against each other. If you break off a piece of young mushroom, you will smell dill.5 group “Guess the mushroom” "Field of Dreams"
- This mushroom people began to breed recently. In terms of nutrients, it approaches the cep, and in its unpretentiousness it has no equal: it willingly sticks stumps, damaged trees in thick flocks, and on wood mushrooms - wood chocks or bags of straw. This mushroom amazingly quickly absorbs all the nutrients from wood, turning it into dust. It has one more feature - in nature this mushroom can be harvested until late autumn and even before winter. Oyster mushrooms
- An experienced mushroom hunter takes a piglet with him in a bag and, reaching the oak grove, releases it. The pig immediately sniffs the ground. - Wow, there is one! - the mushroom picker exclaims after a while. He stops, takes out a sapper’s shoulder blade, digs 10 centimeters deep and takes out some potato.
- On the territory of Russia, this mushroom is popularly known as the persistent toadstool. He doesn’t even have a Russian name, but we call him the French word, which translates as “mushroom”. He owes such fame both to the outward resemblance to a pale grebe, and to a craving for manicured places, piles of garbage. But even in England, where they do not collect mushrooms in nature, they are happy to eat these mushrooms grown on mushroom farms. For 350 years, these mushrooms have been bred by people, without any doubt that this mushroom cultivated and growing in nature is one and the same. Only in 1906, scientists were surprised to find that they are completely different. And one more curious case from the life of a mushroom. In 1956, a curious passerby noticed some strange swelling on the asphalt in the center of Moscow on Manezhnaya Square. He photographed them, and the next day he discovered that the swellings had burst and mushrooms appeared due to cracked asphalt. This happened because the soil near the Manege was depleted for several centuries: after all, horses were kept in the Manege before. But what is the desire for light, freedom of these mushrooms, that they were able to turn the dead asphalt, which does not immediately succumb even to a jackhammer. CHAMPIGNON
- From a distance, this mushroom is easily mistaken for white. Maybe that's why angry mushroom pickers, deceived in their expectations, kick him so often. He has a strange fate: everyone knows that this is an edible mushroom, but they never take it. The people consider him a bad mushroom, and sometimes in general - toadstool. Nevertheless, well cooked, it is not inferior in taste to salty breasts. FELL
4 group “Mushrooms in folk wisdom”
This group of children collected proverbs, sayings, riddles about mushrooms, as well as folk mushroom omens - collecting all the material, designed small books for little ones.
Lesson summary
In nature, fungi perform an important function: they eliminate the remains of dead animals and plants. This contributes to the cycles of substances in nature. A man from time immemorial began to pick mushrooms, which brings him pleasure and joy. Unfortunately, mushrooms are not only a source of joy, but also sadness. Many species of fungi cause damage to cultivated plants and destroy wood. Different types destroy unique works of art, for example, paintings, books. Skin troubles give people and animals big trouble. And poisonous mushrooms cause poisoning.
In conclusion, I want to note that a lot of work is done not only by the teacher, but also by the parents. It is necessary to choose the topic of the project in advance, to think over the goals and tasks that will be set for the students and most importantly, it is necessary to interest the guys in the project. In advance, the teacher should think about which of the guys what they will do, taking into account their desires. The teacher’s task is not just to give assignments and evaluate their implementation, but to skillfully bring the children to their goals, to help select the necessary information from the general flow of information. The teacher of project training needs not only to master the teaching methods, but also to master the technical means. Based on my own experience, I want to say that such work favors the development of cognitive abilities of children, the ability to independently find material on a given topic, process it, and, most importantly, increases interest in learning activities.
Literature:
G.I. Vasilenko, N.I. Eremenko "Days of Sciences in Primary School", Volgograd: teacher, 2006 - 156 p.
A.A. Pleshakov “Green House”, Moscow, Education, 1997 - 254s
M.E. Aspiz, Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Biologist, Moscow, Pedagogy, 1986 - 352s
Back forward
Attention! The slide preview is used for informational purposes only and may not give an idea of \u200b\u200ball the presentation features. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.
Back forward
Purpose: To promote the formation of ideas about mushrooms as a special kingdom of wildlife.
Tasks:
- Explore the types of mushrooms (hat, mold, yeast)
- To form students' knowledge about the structure of the fungus and its functions.
- To promote the formation of skills to recognize mushrooms.
- To promote familiarization of students with respect for nature.
- To promote the development of cognitive interest and creative imagination.
During the classes
I. Motivational and organizational moment.
The long-awaited call is given
A bell rings for a lesson
Every day, always, everywhere
In the lesson and in the game,
Feel free to speak clearly
And quietly sitting.
Actualization of knowledge.
1) Illustration “Forest” (Presentation 1, slide 2)
What is depicted in the illustration? (forest, nature)
What nature is depicted? (living and nonliving)
What is pictured from the world of wildlife? (plants, animals)
(the diagram is drawn up on the board during the lesson)
2) Definition of the lesson topic. (Presentation 1, slide 3)
Forest gifts are rich. But in the forest among the grass, under the roots, on fallen trees, in the hollow of a tree, an unusual kingdom hid.
What kingdom can it be? (children’s suggestions are heard)
To solve the name of this kingdom will help words.
What assumptions arise?
What can be called a group of these words?
What can you say about them?
What unites words?
What word did they come from?
What conclusion can be made?
What kingdom hid in the grass, under the roots of trees? (mushrooms)
Did you make the correct assumptions at the beginning of the lesson?
Who can name the topic of the lesson?
Lesson topic: “Mushrooms”
What is a mushroom? (listening to assumptions, student opinions)
Meaning, what words can not explain? (mycelium)
(put a question mark over words whose meaning is unknown)
How many of you were picking mushrooms?
Let's see what mushroom pickers you are.
What mushrooms do you know?
Are all mushrooms the same?
To what natural world do we attribute mushrooms? Why?
II. Goal setting. (Presentation 1, slide4)
What more can discover about mushrooms?
What questions do you have?
What educational tasks will we set for ourselves in the lesson?
1. Find out what mushrooms are?
2. Find out where you can find mushrooms? Where do they grow?
3. Find out what is mycelium?
4. Find out what parts the mushroom consists of?
5. What world of wildlife do they belong to?
6. Is it possible to grow mushrooms at home?
What can we do learn to ? (Presentation 1, slide 5)
1. Distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible mushrooms.
2. Learn to recognize mushrooms.
III. Performance block.
1. - Where do mushrooms grow? (Presentation 1, slide 6)
What parts of plants do you know? (root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits)
Do mushrooms have these parts?
What color predominates in plants?
Do mushrooms have such a color? (Do not have a green color)
Plants themselves create nutrients for their growth. Mushrooms cannot create nutrients on their own. They feed on prepared nutrients.
Can we attribute mushrooms to the plant world?
Conclusion: We cannot attribute fungi to either the plant world or the animal world. Mushrooms are a separate large group of wildlife.
How can we verify the correctness of our assumption? (output)
(Refer to the textbook)
Work on the textbook “The World”, p.23. We prove the correct conclusion by getting acquainted with the rule.
Which of the set educational tasks were able to answer? (Mushrooms are mushrooms, in nature it is a separate kingdom, the kingdom of mushrooms.) We supplement the scheme.
2. Work in pairs. (Presentation 1, slide 7)
1) Classification.(On each desk there is an envelope with illustrations of mushrooms).
Purpose: To promote the formation of skills to recognize various groups of mushrooms: hat, mold, yeast.
Guys, we found out that you know a lot of mushrooms. Mushroom pickers you are not bad. It is very important for each mushroom picker to be able to recognize and distribute mushrooms into groups, which are for salting, which are for drying and cooking.
You are now facing the tasks:
- distribute mushrooms into groups;
- find out what mushrooms are.
Take a good look at the illustrations.
What groups did you get?
Do all the illustrations fit the theme of our lesson?
What illustrations are not suitable in your opinion? Why do you think so?
Who doubts?
Who believes that all illustrations are suitable?
How can we resolve our contradictions?
Where can we find an explanation for the contradiction?
(Turn to the tutorial for help)
2) Work on the textbook “The World”, p.21.
Consider illustrations (illustrations in the textbook correspond to illustrations for work in pairs). Read the inscriptions.
Textbook p. 22.
Is it possible to say that all illustrations depict mushrooms?
Can we call mold a mushroom? Why do you think so?
Conclusion:
All illustrations in the textbook depict mushrooms. So, there are no extra pictures with the image of mushrooms for classification. All pictures fit the theme of our lesson.
Who will now be able to correctly distribute pictures of mushrooms into groups?
How many groups did you get? (It turned out three groups: yeast, hat and mold mushrooms)
What was the purpose of the task? (distributed mushrooms into three groups and found out what mushrooms are) (Presentation 1, slide 8)
We supplement the scheme.
Where do the mushrooms of each group grow?
Where can you find moldy mushrooms? (We show students an apple, moldy bread, at home on food)
Used in medicine for the manufacture of medicines.
What mushrooms can be grown at home? (moldy)
What hat mushrooms are shown in the pictures?
Where do they grow?
What educational task were able to answer? (Learned what mushrooms are. Learned where to find mushrooms and where they grow? Note)
3) Study.
Do you guys think we can grow mushrooms in class now?
I propose to conduct a study.
How is the study conducted?
Study structure
1. Highlighting a hypothesis.
2. Selection of material.
3. Testing the hypothesis.
(The structure is written on a blackboard)
Hypothesis: during the lesson we will grow mushrooms (or not).
Purpose:find out can you grow mushrooms during the lesson?
Tasks:
1. Find out which mushrooms can be grown.
2. Find out what is necessary for growing mushrooms at home.
3. Determine how much time we need to grow mushrooms.
4. Have time to grow mushrooms during the lesson.
What can you say about yeast mushrooms?
Who knows the word yeast? Where did you hear?
(Showing a bag of baker's yeast)
What can be associated with the word “yeast”? Where to use? What is yeast used for?
Conclusion: mothers and grandmothers use the yeast, cooks in the preparation of dough for pies, bread.
Guys I have a glass of warm water.
What do you think will happen if we pour yeast into it from a sachet into a glass of water? Let's find out.
(Master pours yeast into the water. He puts the glass aside. Continues the lesson.)
Fizminutka (Presentation 1, slide 9)
What questions were answered?
What have you already learned?
What is left to learn?
4. Work in groups. “The structure of the mushroom” mini-project
I found them in the forest
And now I’m bringing home
You see a complete basket.
We will fry them with potatoes.
(the teacher shows a basket with models of mushrooms)
Mushrooms a whole basket. What beautiful caps for mushrooms!
What else does the mushroom consist of?
Guys, we need to determine the structure of each mushroom in the basket.
How do we organize work to quickly find out the structure of the mushroom? (work in groups)
What is the purpose of joining in groups? For what? (Find out the structure of mushrooms.)
Let's complete the mushroom structure mini-project (Presentation 1, slide 10)
Purpose:create a poster “The structure of mushrooms”
1) (A representative comes from each group and selects a mushroom. Receives an envelope with an illustration of the mushroom. (N / A: “Pereberezik”, “Cep”).
On the envelope there is a group work plan and a work presentation plan: (slide 11)
1. Consider and study the illustration “The structure of the mushroom” in the textbook page 22.
2. Collect your mushroom.
3. Draw the missing part of the mushroom.
4. Define and write the name of the mushroom (textbook), sign the name of the parts of the mushroom.
5. Tell about the mushroom according to plan: the purpose of the work, the name of the mushroom, the object of what it consists of, what the mycelium is for, edible or inedible.
Repeat the rules for working in a group.
Rules.
We work together; no noise; We speak and listen to the opinions of others.
How did you rate the work of your group:
- Excellent - show the blue circle;
- something didn’t work - red.
2) Performance of groups, presentation of work. ( Appendix 2)
(We repeat the rules of hearing.)
Did we manage to find out the structure of the mushroom?
What is the name of the part of the fungus growing on the ground? (Presentation 1, slide 12)
What does the underground part of the mushroom look like?
What question did you find the answer to? (Learned what parts the mushroom consists of? Learn what mushroom pickers are?)
3) Edible and inedible mushrooms.
In our mini-project, are all mushrooms edible?
What other edible mushrooms do you know?
What poisonous mushrooms do you know?
Where can we find more information on the question? (in the textbook)
(Work on the textbook p. 23)
We supplement the scheme.
What edible mushrooms are mentioned in the textbook? (tinder fungus, butterdish, morel, porcini mushroom, chanterelles, birch bark, honey agaric, boletus, thrush) (Presentation 1, slide 13)
What poisonous mushrooms are found in nature? (pale toadstool, satanic mushroom, bile fungus, fly agaric) (Presentation 1, slide 14)
Can you distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible mushrooms?
Can poisonous mushrooms be beneficial?
Scene “Amanita” (presentation of a creative project)
And why am I not good? Which mushroom still has such a beautiful hat? Red, with white spots ...
You still do not forget to say about the ring on the leg, exactly the skirt.
Well, there is so much anger in me, it's scary to think! Even flies die from me. Dead fall. Therefore, I am poisonous. Fly agaric and I am called. At one time, Baba Yaga was hanging out instead of flypapers from flies in her hut.
Yes, since you are so nobody wants to be friends with you like that! Mushroom pickers bypass. Not that we are Russula - they immediately notice and put the basket down.
I dream at least once in a basket with edible mushrooms to get.
They wouldn’t be so poisonous, and mushroom pickers put you in a basket, and animals didn’t pass by, and there’s no use to you.
And here is a lie! For some animals, I am the cure. They treat me, for example moose. I help pine, spruce, birch and other plants grow from the soil and send water to the tree with dissolved salts. I also decorate the forest. This is also important. Therefore, we can not stomp and kick!
(“Amanita” shows signs, “Russula” poster with the inscription)
What did you learn from the sketch?
Can poisonous mushrooms be beneficial?
What questions did we not answer? (learned to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible mushrooms. Learned to recognize mushrooms)
What question remains to be answered? (Can mushrooms be grown at home?)
(Let's guys continue our research and see what happens in a glass with yeast mushrooms.)
What do we see? (Yeast rose in a glass. We poured dry yeast into a glass of water. Thanks to the water, the yeast mushrooms began to grow, they say they still rise. They grew and filled the entire glass. They are edible, they can be tasted).
What did we learn during the study?
As a result of the study, we learned that yeast can be grown during the lesson. To grow mushrooms at home, you need warm water and dry yeast. It took us 15 minutes.
Conclusion: we were able to grow mushrooms during the lesson.
Our hypothesis was confirmed (or not confirmed).
IV. Control and evaluation unit.
Guess the riddle, color the guess (each student has a card with the image of mushrooms Fig. 1)
We’ll check what hat mushrooms you know.
I'm growing in a red cap (Slide 15)
Among the roots of aspen
You recognize me for a mile away
I am called ... (Boletus)
A thin mushroom red mushroom (Slide 16)
I ran to the slope
And said, “I want a basket” -
And in response to him Antoshka
No need ... (Amanita)
I do not argue - not white. (Slide 17)
I, brothers, are simpler.
I usually grow
In a birch grove. (Trimmer)
Walking in red berets (Slide 18)
Autumn is brought to the forest in summer.
Very friendly sisters
Golden ... (Chanterelles)
Which group will we assign these mushrooms to? (cap)
Choose the correct answer. (Slide 19)
(students select an answer and show a signal card with a circle of red, blue, or green)
- hat, leg, mushroom picker
- hat, trunk, mycelium
- hat, mushroom body, mycelium
Independent work. (Slide 20)
Relate the picture to the view. Color the circle with the desired color.
- moldy
- yeast
- hats
4) Crossword Puzzle . (Presentation 2, Annex 1)
1. A mushroom that grows under an aspen.
2. He loves birches.
3. Red mushroom.
4. This mushroom has a wave on its hat.
5. This mushroom can be eaten raw.
(1. Boletus, 2. Pereberezovik, 3. Mushroom, 4. Trick, 5. Chuck)
V. Summary. Reflection
What questions were answered in the lesson?
What did you learn about?
What have you learned?
Did you find answers to all the questions?
What was the most interesting?
What difficulties did you encounter?
Tell us about what we learned today in the lesson about the special kingdom of mushrooms, based on the assistant scheme. (Scheme 3)
1. Everything turned out, I am satisfied with myself, I learned a lot and can tell another.
2. I understood, learned new things, I worked well, but I can’t tell another.
3. I didn’t understand anything, it was not interesting.
Homework.
1.Tutorial p.21-24
2. Try to grow moldy mushrooms at home.
3. Compose a book - baby “Forest basket”, “Extraordinary mushrooms”, “Poisonous mushrooms” (optional)
- butterAll life on Earth is usually attributed either to the plant or animal world, however, there are special organisms - fungi, which for a long time scientists found it difficult to attribute to a certain class. Mushrooms are unique in their structure, way of life and diversity. They are represented by a huge number of varieties and differ in the mechanism of their existence even among themselves. Mushrooms were first attributed to plants, then to animals, and only recently it was decided to attribute them to their own, special kingdom. Mushrooms are neither a plant nor an animal.
What are mushrooms?
Mushrooms, unlike plants, do not contain the chlorophyll pigment, which gives the foliage a green color and extracts nutrients from carbon dioxide. Mushrooms are not able to independently produce nutrients, but extract them from the object on which they grow: tree, soil, plants. Nutrition with prepared substances makes mushrooms very close to animals. In addition, moisture is vital for this group of living organisms, so they cannot exist where there is no liquid.
Mushrooms can be cap, mold and yeast. It is the cap we collect in the forest. Mold fungi are common mold, yeast - yeast and the like, very small microorganisms. Mushrooms can develop on living organisms or eat their metabolic products. Mushrooms can create mutually beneficial relationships with higher plants and insects, these relationships are called symbiosis. Mushrooms are an essential component of the digestive system of herbivores. They play a very large role in the life of not only animals, plants, but also humans.
The structure of the cap mushroom
Everyone knows that the mushroom consists of a leg and a hat, and we cut them off when we collect the mushrooms. However, this is only a small part of the fungus called the “fruit body”. By the structure of the fruiting body, you can determine the edible fungus or not. Fruit bodies consist of interwoven strands, these are “hyphae”. If you turn the mushroom upside down and look at the hat from below, you will notice that some mushrooms have thin plastics (these are plate mushrooms), while others have a sponge (sponge mushrooms). It is there that spores (very small seeds) are formed, necessary for the reproduction of the fungus.
The fruit body makes up only 10% of the fungus itself. The main part of the fungus is mycelium, it is not visible to the eye because it is in the soil or bark of a tree and also represents the interweaving of hyphae. Another name for the mycelium is “mycelium”. A large area of \u200b\u200bmycelium is needed for the collection of nutrients and moisture by the fungus. In addition, it attaches the fungus to the surface and promotes further spread along it.
Edible mushrooms
The most popular edible mushrooms among mushroom pickers include: porcini mushroom, brown boletus, boletus, butterdish, flywheel, honey agaric, lump, russula, chanterelle, saffron mushroom, and throat.
One mushroom can have many varieties, which is why mushrooms with the same name may look different.
White mushroom (boletus) mushroom pickers love for its unsurpassed taste and aroma. It is very similar in shape to a barrel. The cap of this mushroom looks like a round pillow and has a brown color from pale to dark. Its surface is smooth. The pulp is dense, white, odorless and has a pleasant nutty taste. The leg of the cep is very voluminous, up to 5 cm thick, white, sometimes beige. Most of it is underground. This mushroom can be harvested from June to October in coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests and its appearance depends on where it grows. Eat white mushroom in any form.
Common boletus
Common boletus (obabek) also a mushroom quite desirable for mushroom pickers. His hat also has the form of a pillow and is painted either in light brown or dark brown. Its diameter is up to 15 cm. The flesh of the cap is white, but may slightly turn pink on the cut. The length of the leg is up to 15 cm. It slightly expands downward and has a light gray color with brown scales. Brown boletus grows in deciduous and mixed forests from June to late autumn. He really loves the light, so most often it can be seen at the edges. Boletus can be eaten boiled, fried and stewed.
Boletus
Boletus (red-headed) is easy to recognize by the interesting color of his hat, reminiscent of autumn foliage. The color of the hat depends on the place of growth. It ranges from almost white to yellow-red or brown. In the place of the break, the flesh begins to change color, darkens up to black. The boletus leg is very dense and large, reaching a length of 15 cm. In appearance from the boletus boletus, the boletus differs in that it has black spots painted horizontally on its legs, and more vertically on the boletus boletus. This mushroom can be harvested from early summer to October. It is most often found in deciduous and mixed forests, in aspen forests and light forests.
Butterdish
Butterdishit has a fairly wide hat, up to 10 cm in diameter. It can be colored from yellow to chocolate, convex. The peel can be easily separated from the pulp of the hat and to the touch it can be very mucous, slippery. The flesh in the hat is soft, yellowish and juicy. In young people, the sponge under the hat is tightened with a white film; in adults, a skirt remains on the leg from it. The leg has the shape of a cylinder. At the top, it is yellow, and at the bottom it can be slightly darker. The butterdish grows in coniferous forests on sandy soil from May to November. It can be consumed in pickled, dried and salted form.
Kozlyak
Kozlyak very similar to the old oiler, but the sponge under his hat is darker, with large pores and there is no skirt on the leg.
Flywheel
Flywheels have a cushioned hat with velvet skin from brown to dark green. The leg is dense, yellow-brown. The pulp may turn blue or green in the cut and has a brown color. Most often there are green and yellow-brown moss-flies. They have excellent taste and can be used in fried and dried form. Before taking it for food, be sure to clean the hat. Mushrooms grow in deciduous and coniferous forests of temperate latitudes from mid-summer to mid-autumn.
Dubovik
Dubovik grows mainly in oak forests. In appearance it resembles a porcini mushroom in shape, and in color it is like a moss fly. The surface of the cap of young mushrooms is velvety, in wet weather it is mucous. From touching the hat becomes covered with dark spots. The mushroom flesh is yellowish, dense, red or reddish at the base of the leg, turns blue at the cut, then turns brown, odorless, the taste is mild. The mushroom is edible, but it is easy to confuse it with the inedible mushroom: Satanic and bile. If part of the leg is covered with a dark net, this is not a cudgel, but its inedible double. In an olive-brown oak, the flesh on the cut immediately turns blue, and in a poisonous double, it slowly changes color, first to red, and then turns blue.
All the mushrooms described above are spongy. Among the spongy mushrooms, only the bile fungus and the satanic mushroom are poisonous, they look like white, but immediately change color on the cut, and even pepper is not edible, because bitter, about them below. But among the lamellar mushrooms there are many inedible and poisonous, so the child should remember the names and descriptions of edible mushrooms before going on a "silent hunt."
Honey agaric
Honey agaric grows on the basis of trees, and meadow honey agaric - in the meadows. Its convex hat is up to 10 cm in diameter and has a tan color, similar to an umbrella. The length of the leg is up to 12 cm. In the upper part it is light and has a ring (skirt), and below it acquires a brownish tint. The mushroom pulp is dense, dry, with a pleasant smell.
Autumn honey agaric grows from August to October. It can be found both on the basis of dead and living trees. The hat is brownish, dense, plates yellowish, with a white ring on the leg. Most often it is found in a birch grove. This mushroom can be eaten dried, fried, pickled and boiled.
Autumn honey agaric
Summer honey agaric, like autumn honey, grows on stumps all summer and even in autumn. Its hat on the edge is darker than in the middle and thinner than that of the autumn honey fly. On the leg is a brown ring.
Honey agaric
Meadowworm has been growing in meadows and pastures since the end of May. Sometimes mushrooms form a circle, which mushroom pickers call the Witch’s Ring.
Honey agaric
Russula
Russula have a round hat with easily peelable edges. The hat reaches 15 cm in diameter. The hat may be convex, flat, concave or funnel-shaped. Its color varies from red-brown and blue-gray to yellowish and light gray. The leg is white, fragile. The pulp also has a white color. Russula can be found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. They also grow in a birch park, and on the banks of the river. The first mushrooms appear in late spring, and the largest number occurs in early autumn.
Fox
Fox - an edible mushroom pleasant in appearance and taste. Her velvety hat is reddish in color and resembles a funnel in shape with folds at the edges. Its pulp is dense and has the same color as the hat. The hat goes smoothly into the leg. The leg is also red, smooth, tapering down. Its length is up to 7 cm. The chanterelle is found in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests. It can often be found in moss and among conifers. It grows from June to November. You can use it in any form.
The breast
The breast It has a concave hat with a funnel in the center and wavy edges. It is firm to the touch and fleshy. The surface of the cap is white and sometimes covered with fluff, it is dry or vice versa, mucous and wet, depending on the type of loaf. The pulp is brittle and, when broken, white juice with a bitter taste is released. Depending on the type of milk, the juice may turn yellow or turn pink. The leg of the breast is dense, white. This fungus grows in deciduous and mixed forests, often covered with dry foliage so that it is not visible, but only a mound is visible. It can be collected from the first summer month to September. Mushrooms are good for pickling. Much less often they are fried or consumed in a cooked form. The breast is black, but black tastes much worse.
White breast (real)
Dry breast (preload)
Aspen breast
Black breast
Wake
Wake they are distinguished by a small hat with a depression in the center and a beautiful fringe along slightly tucked edges. Its color varies from yellowish to pink. The pulp is white and dense. This is a conditionally edible mushroom. The juice has a very bitter taste, so before you cook this mushroom, it needs to be soaked for a long time. The leg is dense, up to 6 cm in length. Volnushki love humid terrain and grow in deciduous and mixed forests, preferring birch trees. They are best collected from August to September. The flakes can be eaten in a salted and pickled form.
Ginger
Ginger they are similar to waves, but larger in size, they do not have a fringe on the edges, they are light orange in color, and the flesh on the cut is also orange, it turns green on the edge. The mushroom does not have bitter juice, so you can cook it right away without steeping it. The mushroom is edible. Ginger fried, boiled and pickled.
Champignon
Champignon grow in the forest, and in the city, and even in landfills and cellars from summer to autumn. While the mushroom is young, its hat has the shape of a half ball white or grayish in color, the reverse side of the hat is covered with a white veil. When the hat opens, the veil turns into a skirt on the leg, exposing the gray plates with spores. Mushrooms are edible, they are fried, boiled, pickled without much pre-treatment.
Violinist
The mushroom, which creaks slightly when you hold it with your fingernail or when rubbing the hats, many call it a creak. It grows in coniferous and deciduous forests, usually in groups. The violinist is similar to a breast, but unlike the breast, its plates are cast in yellowish or greenish colors, and the hat may also be not pure white, and also velvety. The pulp of the mushroom is white, very dense, hard, but brittle, with a faint pleasant smell and a very pungent taste. At the break, it emits a very caustic white milky juice. The white flesh in the air acquires a greenish-yellow color. Milky juice, drying, becomes reddish. The violin is a conditionally edible mushroom; it is edible in a salty form after soaking.
Valui (goby) has a light brown hat with whitish plates and a white leg. While the mushroom is young, the hat is bent down and slightly slippery. Young mushrooms are picked and eaten, but only after removing the skin, prolonged soaking or boiling the mushroom.
You can meet such bizarre mushrooms in the forest and in the meadow: morel, stitch, dung beetle, blue-green stroparia. They are conditionally edible, but recently they are less and less eaten by people. The young mushroom umbrella and raincoat are edible.
Poisonous mushrooms
Inedible mushrooms or food products containing their poisons can cause severe poisoning and even death. The most life-threatening inedible, poisonous mushrooms include: fly agarics, pale grebe, false mushrooms.
A very noticeable mushroom in the forest. His red hat with white dots is visible to the forester from afar. However, depending on the type, the hats can also be of other colors: green, brown, white, orange. The hat is shaped like an umbrella. This mushroom is quite large. The leg usually extends downward. There is a "skirt" on it. It represents the remains of the shell in which the young mushrooms were located. This poisonous mushroom can be confused with russula golden red. The russula has a cap slightly pressed in the center and there is no “skirt” (Volvo).
Pale grebe (Amanita green) even in small amounts can cause great harm to human health. Her hat can be white, green, gray or yellowish. But the form depends on the age of the fungus. The hat of a young pale grebe resembles a small egg, and over time it becomes almost flat. The leg of the mushroom is white, tapers down. The pulp does not change at the incision site and is odorless. Pale grebe grows in all forests with alumina soil. This mushroom is very similar to mushrooms and russula. However, champignon plates are usually colored darker, and they are white in pale toadstools. The russula does not have this skirt on the leg, and they are more brittle.
False honey mushrooms can be easily confused with edible mushrooms. They usually grow on stumps. The cap of these mushrooms has a bright color, and the edges are covered with white flaky particles. Unlike edible mushrooms, the smell and taste of these mushrooms are unpleasant.
Gall mushroom - double of white. It differs from boletus in that the upper part of its leg is covered with a dark mesh, and the flesh turns pink on the cut.
Satanic mushroom also similar to white, but his sponge under the hat is reddish, the leg has a red mesh, and the cut becomes purple.
Pepper mushroom looks like a moss fly or oiler, but the sponge under the hat is lilac.
False fox - the inedible double of the chanterelle. The color of the false fox is darker, reddish-orange, white juice stands out at the fracture of the hat.
Both the flywheel and the chanterelles also have inedible doubles.
As you understand, mushrooms are not only those that have a hat and a leg and which grow in the forest.
- Yeast mushrooms are used to create some drinks, using them during the fermentation process (for example, kvass). Mold fungi are a source of antibiotics and save millions of lives every day. Special types of mushrooms are used to give products, such as cheeses, a special taste. They are also used to create chemicals.
- Spores of fungi, with the help of which they multiply, can sprout after 10 years or more.
- There are also predatory species of fungi that feed on worms. Their mycelium forms dense rings, when hit it is already impossible to break out.
- The oldest mushroom found in amber is 100 million years old.
- An interesting fact is that leaf-cutting ants are able to independently grow the mushrooms they need to feed. They acquired this ability 20 million years ago.
- In nature, there are about 68 species of luminous mushrooms. Most often they are found in Japan. Such mushrooms differ in that they glow green in the dark, it looks especially impressive if the mushroom grows in the middle of rotted tree trunks.
- Some mushrooms lead to serious diseases and affect agricultural plants.
Mushrooms are mysterious and very interesting organisms, full of unsolved secrets and unusual discoveries. Edible species are a very tasty and healthy product, and inedible species can cause great harm to health. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish them and you should not put a mushroom in a basket in which there is no complete confidence. But this risk does not stop admiring their diversity and beauty against the background of blooming nature.
The kingdom of mushrooms is very diverse. Scientists know about 100 thousand species of these organisms.
The mushrooms that we usually see in the forest consist of hats and legs. And underground, from the legs stretch thin white threads in different directions. This is the mycelium - the underground part of the mushroom. It absorbs water from the soil with mineral salts dissolved in it. Mushrooms cannot themselves produce nutrients like plants. They absorb nutrients from dead plant and animal debris in the soil. At the same time, fungi contribute to the destruction of the remains of organisms and the formation of humus.
Many mushrooms in the forest are closely related to trees (see Fig. 2). The strings of the mycelium grow together with the roots of the trees and help them absorb water and salt from the soil. In return, mushrooms receive from plants the nutrients that plants produce in the light. So mushrooms and trees help each other.
Forests also need mushrooms because many forest animals feed on them. Mushrooms are the wealth of the forest. Treat them with care! Some species of mushrooms are listed in the Red Book of Russia. They need special protection.
Mushrooms from the Red Book of Russia
Edible and inedible mushrooms
Many edible and inedible mushrooms are very similar, so children can pick mushrooms only with adults. Compare and learn to distinguish between edible and inedible mushrooms.
1. Read the descriptions of the double mushrooms carefully. Find them in the picture. Highlight the hallmarks.
- White mushroom. The bottom hat is white or yellowish, the figure on the leg is in the form of a white net, the flesh on the cut remains white. Edible mushroom.
- Autumn honey agaric. Hat underneath yellowish-white with dark spots, a ring on the leg, white flesh with a pleasant smell. Edible mushroom.
- Champignon. The bottom hat is pink or purple; there is no bag on the bottom of the cap. Edible mushroom.
Bile Mushroom (False White). The bottom hat is pink, the pattern on the leg is in the form of a black net, the flesh turns pink on the cut. Not a poisonous, but very bitter mushroom!
False brick red. The bottom hat is dark, there is no ring on the leg, the flesh is yellowish with an unpleasant odor. Poisonous Mushroom!
Death cap. The cap is white below, a torn bag on the leg below. Deadly poisonous mushroom!
2. Read the mushroom picking rules. Which of them are already known to you, and which turned out to be new? Always follow these guidelines.
How to pick mushrooms
- Collect only those mushrooms that you know well. Indeed, among the mushrooms are many poisonous.
- When looking for mushrooms, do not tear and do not scatter leaves, moss. The mushroom picker, being exposed to the sun, can dry out and die.
- In order not to damage the mycelium, it is best to cut the mushrooms with a knife.
- No need to take old mushrooms. They can be poisonous to humans.
- You can’t pick mushrooms near highways and industrial enterprises, in urban squares. These mushrooms accumulate harmful substances that are released into the environment by cars and enterprises.
check yourself
- What parts does the mushroom consist of? Find these parts on the diagram.
- How are mushrooms related to trees?
- What does mushrooms mean for the forest?
- What kind of edible and inedible mushrooms do you know?
- How to pick mushrooms?
Homework assignments
- Record in the dictionary: mycelium, edible mushrooms, inedible mushrooms.
- In the book "The Giant in the Clearing" read the story "Who needs a fly agaric." Did Sergei want to do well?
- Using a determinant atlas, mold several edible and inedible mushrooms from plasticine. Try to convey their distinguishing features.
Pages for the curious
What are germs?
Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny creatures that are not visible to the simple eye. Their name comes from the Greek word "mik-ros" - small.
Microbes include bacteria, tiny fungi (not the ones we see in the forest), and some other organisms.
Among the bacteria there are dangerous for humans, for example, bacteria that cause tonsillitis or dysentery. But not all bacteria are pathogenic. So, bacteria live in the human intestines that help digest and assimilate food. If they die, the person will fall ill.
Some products - yogurt, yogurt - are obtained as a result of the work of bacteria that settle in milk.
The most famous microscopic fungi are yeast. They are added to the dough when they bake bread, pies, pancakes.
In the next lesson
We learn that every living creature is involved in a single cycle of matter on our planet. We will learn to build a model of the cycle of substances.
Remember what kingdoms scientists divide wildlife into.
Loading...