The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern outskirts of Asia, which is directly affected by the Pacific Ocean and the seas associated with it. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in some places directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their influence in the interior of the continent is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from the southwest to the northeast for almost 4500 km. In addition to the mainland strip, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc and the Karaginsky and Komandorsky Islands located adjacent to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (all of Yakutia, Kolyma districts of the Magadan region) to monsoon (southeast), which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (by 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is extremely harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoon-type climate with cold winters and humid summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the prevalence of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon and marine climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, mainly mountainous relief has a great influence on the climate.

In winter, cold air streams rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the outskirts of the Aleutian minimum, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with the warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, snowstorms are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can in some places reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air flows from the Pacific Ocean. Marine air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains fall on the entire territory of the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and the Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river Amur and its tributaries overflow not in spring, but in summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Destructive typhoons from the southern seas often sweep over coastal areas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, the maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of the geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59 ° N. sh., that is, much farther south than anywhere on the continent of Eurasia; forests, reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further, constitute a characteristic feature of the entire outskirts of the continent in the middle latitudes, while steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in the more western inland parts of the continent, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest and alpine landscapes.

In connection with the history of development and the situation in the neighborhood with various floristically and zoogeographic regions, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.

The climate of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is subarctic, on the coasts - maritime, in the interior regions - continental. The peculiarities of the climate of Chukotka are due to its location at the extreme northeastern tip of Eurasia - in the zone of influence of two oceans, with complex atmospheric circulation, which is significantly different in the warm and cold seasons. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in northeastern Russia, and occupies the entire Chukotka Peninsula, part of the mainland and a number of islands. The extreme points of Russia are located on the territory of the district: the eastern point is Ratmanov Island, the eastern continental point is Cape Dezhnev. Here, also, are located: the northernmost city of Russia - Pevek and the most eastern - Anadyr, as well as the easternmost permanent settlement - Uelen.

Cheap flights to Anadyr

Most of the territory of the Okrug is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Therefore, the climate here is harsh - much more severe than in neighboring Alaska. The climate is monsoon-like (especially on the Bering coast), with long winters (windy in the east and very cold in the west), with short and cool summers. The weather is extremely variable in space and time, and can change dramatically (especially on the coasts), within one to two hours, and over 10 - 20 kilometers. Locals joke that the weather in Chukotka is bad for one month a year, very bad for two months, and bad for nine months.

Pressure drops per day can be 50 Mbar, and winter temperature drops - 30 ° C. Permafrost is widespread.

The extreme climate is growing on the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, in general, from south to north, and from west to east, thus reaching its maximum at the extreme northeastern tip of Eurasia - Chukotka. Average annual temperatures throughout the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are deeply negative, decreasing from south to north from - 4 ° С (Cape Navarin) to -12 ° С (Raucha). From the tip of the Chukchi "wedge", deep into the territory, the continentality of the climate rapidly increases. Chukotka holds many climatic records: here is the smallest radiation balance for these latitudes, maximum days without sun (Wrangel Island), minimum hours of sunshine (northeastern coast), maximum average annual wind speed, and the frequency of storms and hurricanes in Russia (Cape Navarin).

The harsh climate of Chukotka significantly affects the way of life of the population. In winter, due to severe snowstorms and frosts, the number of non-working days is 10-15, and on the Arctic and sea coast of the Bering Sea, in total, exceeds a month. It seems that Chukotka is one of the places created to test a person's strength. But, practically, nowhere in the world is there such an untouched nature.

Winter in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the longest period of the year, it lasts 9 months. Winter begins in mid-September. At the beginning of the month, the cranes leave, saying goodbye to Chukotka until next spring. There are often prolonged rains and frosts. There are no trees here, and the yellowed grass in August turns gray in September. Events are developing rapidly, in the second half of the month, snowfalls come to replace the rains. In October, temperatures are already below zero at night, and from the middle of the month, daytime temperatures also become negative. All animals and insects prepare for hibernation.

Winter in the region is very harsh. Close proximity to the coldest region of the Northern Hemisphere - the Cold Pole (Verkhoyansk - Oymyakon), and the Arctic Ocean contributes to a greater severity of the climate, in comparison with territories located at the same latitudes in the European part of Russia. Frequent ice, heavy snow accumulation, prolonged winter blizzards, a constant lack of heat and a severe wind regime - these are the usual winter phenomena for this territory.

In winter, Chukotka is covered by an area of ​​increased pressure, which is faced by cyclones of the European-Asian front, Arctic anticyclones and southern cyclones. Because of this, the weather in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug changes dramatically in very short periods of time: frost with moderate and strong northerly winds is suddenly replaced by wet, relatively warm weather, with heavy snowfall or blizzard. At the same time, a low pressure region forms over the North Pacific Ocean, where the temperature is higher. As a result, masses of cold air move from the cold continent towards the ocean - this is the winter monsoon. During winter, abrupt warming is not uncommon - cyclones "breakthroughs" from the ocean with heavy snowfalls and blizzards.

January is the crown of winter and is the coldest winter month. The average daily temperature this month is -15 ° C to -39 ° C, and the absolute minimum temperature is -61 ° C. But, throughout the winter, the air temperature often reaches -44- -60 ° below zero, especially, often in the western continental regions. Especially strong winds are raging in the eastern regions, the snowstorm sometimes lasts for many days in a row.

The Arctic Circle crosses Chukotka almost in the middle. The astronomical border of the Arctic is drawn along the Arctic Circle, where polar days and nights are observed: at the latitude of the Arctic Circle, they last only one day, and on Wrangel Island, the polar day lasts from the second decade of May to the twentieth of July, the polar night - from the second decade of December until the end of January. The northern part of Chukotka and Wrangel Island fall within the astronomical limits of the Arctic, and these territories are characterized by round-the-clock polar days and nights. During the winter months, the region can often see the northern lights. But for the local population, the northern lights do not cause any delight, rather the opposite. The fact is that the northern lights occur during strong solar activity. The strength of the northern lights also depends on the strength of the magnetic storm. On the eve of, and during the aurora, many people experience severe headaches associated with magnetic storms. Therefore, for the beautiful bright colors in the night sky, many people pay with a severe headache.

At the end of January, it is already becoming noticeable how the day increases. In February, the sun rises high above the horizon. Because of the abundance of white snow and the fact that the sun is shining very brightly, you must wear sunglasses in order not to damage your eyesight. This is a very important and necessary attribute at this time of the year, appeals to take care of your eyes sound even on local radio and television.

March is the beginning of the calendar spring, but in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug it is a winter month, and only a very bright sun, which begins to warm up, testifies to the approach of spring. April, too, is a winter month, despite the fact that the sun is hot, there can be bitter frosts. May is the last winter month, there are no severe frosts anymore, but the average daily air temperature is slightly negative, about -6 - -8 ° С. At the end of the month, abundant snowmelt begins.

Spring in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug begins only at the beginning of June, when summer is already full in the middle zone. Spring is fast, and usually lasts no more than two weeks. At this time, powerful fronts of breezes, fogs, heavy rainfall are observed in the region.

Spring in Chukotka is stunningly beautiful. In early June, it is still black here, and it freezes at night, but the first flowers, which the locals call both snowdrops and dream-grass, are already reaching for the first warmth. As soon as the snow melts, the Chukchi Peninsula is transformed - the scarce vegetation of the region begins to bloom in all colors - red, purple, yellow, blue ... It turns out a very motley colorful carpet. This spectacle cannot be missed, it is incredible, but it literally lasts for a few days.

Cheap hotels in Anadyr

Summer in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug begins in mid-June. In general, the summer is very short, rainy and cold, in some places the snow does not even have time to melt. In summer, only the upper 20-40 cm of the earth's surface thaws. The ice begins to melt around June, on the northern coast the ice lasts all year, except for July and August. Permafrost is widespread and begins very shallow from the surface.

In summer, areas of low pressure prevail over the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean, cyclones of the European-Asian front and cold masses of Arctic air over the coast of the Arctic Ocean. As a result of the interaction of these circulating factors, there is a frequent change of weather: warm to cold, sometimes with frost. It can start snowing in any summer month.

The warmest summer month is July. Its average daily temperature, in the inner regions of the region, is + 13 ° С, on the coast it is much colder, here the average daily temperature in July is + 7 ° С. In the western part of the Chukchi Sea coast, the average daily air temperature does not rise above + 5 ° С at all. But, on some days, in the inner regions of the region, real heat can come when the thermometer rises to + 30 ° C. From the second half of July in the tundra, they begin to pick berries: blueberries, shiksha, prince, cloudberries, lingonberries. There are a lot of berries, literally everything is covered with a carpet, mushrooms appear.

August is a transitional month from summer to autumn. During the day, the temperature, during the month, ranges from + 8 ° С to + 16 ° С. At the beginning of the month, the sun still warms us with its mean warmth. By the middle of the month, the tundra turns yellow, fogs begin, the air is feeling the imminent approach of winter.

Autumn in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug begins in the second half of August and lasts no more than a month. At the end of August, everyone actively picks berries, mushrooms, and fish. Daylight hours are becoming noticeably shorter, the air temperature is dropping every day, events are developing quite quickly. In September, it becomes noticeably colder, birds fly to the south, there are prolonged rains. A long winter period begins in the second half of September in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ...

About 500 - 700 mm of precipitation falls in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug per year. Most precipitation falls on the coast, less - in the continental regions of the region. During the winter period, approximately 80 - 90 cm of snow falls.

The Chukchi coast, one of the most turbulent in the world, the Bering Sea, is one of the windiest regions in Russia. During 5 months of the year, the wind speed, in some places, is over 15 meters per second! Often on the coasts winds occur with a speed of more than 40 meters per second (!), Lasting for several days, or even weeks (!). Well, record squalls reach 80 meters per second !!!

When to go to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Attention! Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a territory with a border regime. Entry of citizens of the Russian Federation to the part of the territory of the district adjacent to the sea coast and to the islands is regulated, that is, permission from the border service of the Russian Federation or documents allowing them to stay in the border zone are required.

Chukotka is gorgeous! Due to the harsh climate and low development, Chukotka presents many opportunities, primarily for extreme and scientific tourism. But, nevertheless, the most acceptable time of the year for a trip to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the relatively warm months - from June to September.

The first half of June is spring in Chukotka, every thorn blooms here, this is an amazing time to explore the local vegetation and admire nature. Scientific expeditions are constantly working in the district and conferences of ecologists, ornithologists, ichthyologists, ethnographers, linguists are held. In Chukotka, there are 4 nature reserves and 21 natural monuments. It is especially worth highlighting the regional natural-ethnic park "Beringia", on Wrangel Island, which was an isthmus between the two continents. It stores the frozen carcasses of woolly rhinoceroses, bison and mammoths.

Rafting and fishing enthusiasts will be attracted by river trips, which are best done in July - August. In the fresh water bodies of Chukotka, there are about 40 species of fish (whitefish, whitefish, hunchback, wildcat, vendace, walka, peled, and others). For hunters, Chukotka provides an opportunity to hunt moose, reindeer, brown bear, sable, lynx, wolf, ermine, fox. But, it is worth remembering that hunting is prohibited on some animals, for example: polar bear, bighorn sheep, weasel, black-capped marmot, swans, white goose, and some other birds. On the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, there are many hiking and cycling trails for lovers of ecological tourism.

Connoisseurs of traditional culture of indigenous peoples will be attracted by the village of Uelen - the easternmost village in Russia, where people settled two thousand years ago. Here you can get acquainted with the life of the modern Chukchi and Eskimos, and their traditional craft - sea hunting. And those who are interested in modernity should definitely visit the capital of the region - the city of Anadyr.

It is not worth visiting the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug during the winter period - from September to the end of May. Winters are extremely harsh here, you need to be prepared for all the disfavor of nature, lingering snowstorms, frosts down to -60 ° C, gusty winds. Not everyone can stand it, so the decision to visit Chukotka in winter should be carefully considered.

Climate of the Magadan region

The climate in the Magadan region is subarctic, on the coasts - maritime, in the interior - continental. The Magadan Region occupies the northeastern edge of the Asian continent, and is a vast territory with a complex and varied relief, washed from the southeast by the waters of the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The Magadan Region is located in the harsh zones of the Far North, practically the entire territory of the region is located in the permafrost zone.

Cheap flights to Magadan

As a result, the Magadan region (together with Yakutia) falls into the region of the lowest temperatures in the northern hemisphere. The climate of the Magadan region can be compared with the climate of Greenland and Antarctica. Annual temperature drops in the Magadan Region reach 100 ° C: in winter there are frequent frosts at -60 ° C, and in summer the heat is about +30 - + 40 ° C.In Magadan itself, thanks to the softening effect of the sea, the climate is much milder: in winter, here, on average, -15 - -20 ° C, the temperature rarely drops below -30 ° C, and in summer it rises no more than + 25 ° C.

The average annual air temperature on the territory of the Magadan Region has negative values ​​everywhere - throughout the territory, it does not rise above -2.8 ° C (Taigonos Peninsula, Zavyalov Island). The lowest average annual air temperature is noted in the most continental regions, in the Kolyma basin, and reaches -14 ° С.

The thermo-regulating role of the sea provides a relatively long frost-free period: negative minimum air temperatures, as a rule, cease in the first decade of June and begin, on most of the coast, in the third decade of September, while, in continental regions, in some years, a frost-free period is not observed at all.

Winter in the Magadan Region is the longest time of the year (from 5.5 months on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, to 7–7.5 months in the continental and northern regions of the region). The Magadan winter is characterized by low temperatures and stable snow cover, and begins, on average, in early - mid-October. Abrupt weather changes, frequent storms, severe frosts, thick fogs, prolonged blizzards, heavy rainfall - these are the components of the Magadan winter.

In mid-October, everywhere in the Magadan region, a stable snow cover is established. There is a lot of snow in the river valleys and on the leeward slopes of the mountains, and in open, wind-blown areas, it almost does not linger. In the forest, the snow lies in a loose layer, and only in the spring the crust is formed. In the highlands, where the winds blow, the snow lies in a dense layer. In the mountain valleys of this region, in winter, there is often clear, calm frosty weather, in which everything around is covered with a thick layer of frost. The average monthly air temperature in November is -12 ° С.

In winter, strong winds are often observed, accompanied by prolonged snowstorms. During the year, on the coast of the Magadan region, on average, there are 30 - 40 days with a snowstorm, and in some places (Shelikhovo, Spafaryeva, Magadan, Brokhovo) it happens over 60 days with a snowstorm. In the central regions of the region, snowstorms are observed, on average, 10 - 20 days per year.

Magadan is located at 60 ° latitude - just like St. Petersburg, Helsinki and Oslo. But, the climate of Magadan is noticeably more severe than in the listed cities. The coldest winter months in the Magadan region are December, January, February. Sometimes, during the passage of warm air masses, the air temperature can rise significantly. Fog and ice are rare in winter.

Over the territory of the region, there is a constant movement and struggle of air masses formed over the continent with air masses formed over water spaces. In winter, a powerful Asian anticyclone (high atmospheric pressure) has a great influence on the climate. Namely, clear, quiet, very frosty weather is associated with its existence. But, unlike in Eastern Siberia, where temperatures of -50 ° C and below are common in winter, in the city of Magadan itself frosts rarely exceed -25 ° C, and only occasionally reach -30 ° C or more, the absolute minimum is -34, 6 ° C, which is comparable to the absolute minimum of most cities in the south of the European part of Russia. Nevertheless, in the continental regions the air temperature often drops to -50- -57 ° С, and in some years in Susuman and Seimchan it can drop to -67 ° С.

March and April are calendar spring months, but, in fact, it is still winter here, with fairly low air temperatures. But, since these are the last months of a long winter, daylight hours noticeably increase, the sun begins to bake, and these are the first signs of the approaching spring. The rays of the bright sun against a background of white snow can damage your eyesight, therefore, during these months, it is highly recommended to wear sunglasses outside to protect your eyes. On top of the still frosty weather, you can sunbathe on skis - the sun warms so much during this period.

Spring in the Magadan region begins in the third decade of April - on the Okhotsk coast, and in early May - in its continental part. Magadan spring is the most amazing time of the year - it is white around it in winter, but almost warm in summer: the sun heats up quite strongly - both from above and below, reflecting from the blinding white snow. By the beginning of May, warm sunny weather sets in, sometimes with severe night frosts, in general, spring lasts about 1.5 months.

The transition of the average daily temperature through 0 ° С occurs, on average, in the second decade of May. Snow melts and evaporates intensively. The winds in the spring weaken, gradually change direction, the winds from the north are replaced by the south, little precipitation falls. At the end of May and the beginning of June, rivers open up and the water rises. The number of foggy days is increasing. A massive arrival of birds begins throughout the region.

Cheap hotels in Magadan

Summer in the Magadan Region begins in early - mid June and lasts until mid - late August. In general, the Magadan summer is cool, the average summer temperature in Magadan is lower than in St. Petersburg (both cities are at the same latitude). In terms of the temperature regime, the summer of Magadan is similar to the summer of Murmansk, located almost 1,000 kilometers to the north. Fogs are typical for Magadan in summer. Most often, dense cold fog forms over the coast of Nagaev Bay, in the afternoon, a little less often over Gertner Bay. The wind carries it to the city. Often, only part of the city is covered by a veil of fog. This phenomenon occurs 15 to 25 days a month.

Low temperatures in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk entail low temperatures on their coasts. Thus, the summer on the coast is rather cool, and over the continental regions of the region, on the contrary, warm, even hot weather sets in. Above the heated surface of the land, a reduced atmospheric pressure is formed, and over water spaces in the southeast are areas of increased atmospheric pressure. The summer monsoon brings moisture, fog and rain from the cold seas, which is why the summer on the coast is cooler than in the continental part of the region. With the passage of powerful cyclones, there are long and heavy rains on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River.

Frosts are possible in any of the summer months. The warmest month of the year is August, with average daily air temperatures of +15 - + 17 ° С. But, there are often thunderstorms with squally winds, showers and hail. The summer months account for half of the annual rainfall - about 150 mm. But it also happens that the summer is dry and hot, then there are numerous forest fires. The prevailing wind direction is west. Day and night breezes are common in summer. Although summer weather is unstable, with fogs and rains, local residents try to make the most of this fertile time - working on land plots, harvesting mushrooms, berries, fishing, outdoor activities are very popular at this time of the year.

Autumn in the Magadan region begins in the continental regions - at the end of August and lasts until the end of September, and on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, autumn begins in September and lasts until mid-October. Autumn, like spring, a rather short time of the year, begins with a drop in temperature. This is the time of berries and mushrooms - blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, honeysuckle ripen everywhere in the forests.

September in Magadan is a golden autumn. The first half of the month is a pleasant warm time, but already in the second half of September the hills can be powdered with snow, and the water can freeze hard overnight. The average daily air temperature in September is + 7 ° С. Changes are taking place in nature. Foliage and needles turn yellow and fall off. In September, the winds of the northerly direction intensify. On the seashore, they more and more often reach stormy force. In continental regions, in early autumn, there are constant frosts at night. On the coast, they begin much later - the influence of the sea affects.

By the end of autumn, rains are replaced by sleet. Stable snow cover in Kolyma falls at the end of September, and on the sea coast - in the second half of October. By the end of October, throughout the entire territory of the Magadan Region, a stable snow cover lays down, although in some years there may not be snow until December.

The distribution of precipitation over the territory of the Magadan Region is extremely uneven. In its southwestern part, up to 600 mm of precipitation falls per year. In the continental regions, the amount of precipitation decreases, and in the north of the region it falls about 350 mm. On the coast of the Gizhiginskaya Bay, about 200 mm of precipitation falls per year, and in the area of ​​the Tauiskaya Bay - up to 400 mm. More than half of the norm of precipitation falls in summer, the least amount of precipitation is observed in spring.

The Magadan Region is famous for very strong winds. In the central regions, the winds are relatively weak, and closer to the coast, they reach high strength. If in continental regions the average annual wind speed is 2 - 3 m / s, then on the coast it can reach 7 m / s. Well, and the maximum wind speed on the coast sometimes exceeds 40 m / s, and in the continental regions about 20 m / s.

When to go to the Magadan region. The best time to travel to the Magadan Region is a relatively warm summer time, from June to September. In summer, water tourism lovers can hike along the Kolyma and small rivers - Ayan-Yuryakh, Tapaya, Buyunda, Yama. The optimal time for hiking in mountainous areas can be from the end of June to the end of August. Do not forget about such summer entertainment as fishing. In the summer, the salmon species start to spawn in the rivers, so there are quite enough fishermen here.

The end of August - the beginning of September is a “hot season” for collecting the generous gifts of nature in the nearby forests. Lingonberries, blueberries, mountain ash, honeysuckle, shiksha and other types of berries are full of all kinds of vitamins, and are of great value for immunity. They are not bitter in taste, as in the central regions of Russia, but sweet and sour and very tasty. Nature is generous at this time for mushrooms (boletus, boletus, boletus, boletus, russula and others), and dwarf cones (to taste like cedar, only smaller), so avid mushroom pickers should go to the Magadan region during this period of the year.

There is a balneo-mud resort Talaya in the region. Beautiful surroundings, silence, purity and transparency of the air have a beneficial effect on a person, have a calming effect on the nervous system. Here they treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract and liver, diseases of the peripheral nervous system and gynecological diseases.

For lovers of winter sports, the winter months are suitable - from the end of February to April. At this time there is a lot of snow here, and the weather, most of the time, is very pleasant for the body, the sun is shining brightly and quite warm.

Not the best time to travel to the Magadan Region - the months from October to mid-February. The autumn season is characterized by cold rainy weather and piercing winds. In winter, it is very cold here, not everyone can endure such frosts, it is difficult for an unaccustomed body to adapt. It is unlikely that in such weather, you will experience the pleasure of the trip; rather, your trip will turn into a struggle for survival.

Climate of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The climate of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is sharply continental, subarctic. Yakutia occupies 1/5 of Russia in terms of area - its area exceeds the area of ​​France 5 times, the area of ​​Italy - 10 times, and the area of ​​Great Britain, almost 13 times. The territory of Yakutia is part of four geographic zones: taiga forests (almost 80% of the area), tundra, forest-tundra and arctic desert.

Flights to Yakutsk

The climate of Yakutia is extreme. The fact is that the entire territory of the republic belongs to the regions of the Far North. Here, for humans, temperature regimes are on the verge of survival! Winter lasts up to 9 months a year, temperatures here often reach -60 ° C! From such a cold, the face begins to constrict after ten minutes being on the street. The frost crushes so that the fish, which has just been taken out of the water, dies and freezes in 30 seconds, to such a state that then it can be used as a club. Having muffled the car in the Yakut frost for an hour, you risk not starting it at all until you warm up the car in a warm box.

Practically, all Yakuts have garages where a warm (compared to the street) temperature is maintained - about 0 ° C. And if the car suddenly does not start, this is not a reason for panic - in large cities, the work of emergency services is perfectly fine-tuned - tow trucks arrive within 10 minutes. In the frost of -40 ° C, the Yakut children ride on ice slides, and in the city centers there are so many people that they cannot be crowded. And of course, here, even in winter, they eat ice cream on the street! Sometimes you can feel the trembling of the earth and a dull rumble - this is how the earth cracks from frost. But from frost here not only the earth cracks, metal parts of machines burst, and trees freeze so that they are not taken by an ax.

Yakutia is a whole jumble of combinations. It has long winters and short summers. The maximum range of average temperatures of the coldest month - January, and the warmest month - July is 90 - 95 ° C. The cold pole of the northern hemisphere is located on the territory of the republic. There are two coldest cities in the world in Yakutia - Oymyakon (-71.2 ° C) and Verkhoyansk (-68 ° C). The absolute value of the minimum air temperature reaches -72 ° C !!! In terms of the total duration of the period with negative temperatures (up to 9 months a year), the republic has no analogues in the Northern Hemisphere. Yakutsk is the most contrasting city in the world in terms of temperature regime, its annual temperature difference is 102.7 ° C, it is also the largest city in the permafrost zone.

Yakutia is a zone of continuous centuries-old permafrost, which only in the extreme southwest turns into a zone of its discontinuous distribution. The ice lies thirty centimeters from the surface, it is impossible to build a subway here, there are no underground passages, all power lines have to be pulled above the ground. The average thickness of the frozen layer reaches 300 - 400 meters, and in the Vilyui river basin - 1500 meters - this is the maximum freezing of rocks on the globe, there is no such thing anywhere else! And in the mountains of Eastern Yakutia there are 485 glaciers, with a total area of ​​413 km², and with a fresh water supply of about 2 thousand km³. Houses in Yakutia (no higher than fourteen floors) stand on stilts, otherwise, over time, the ground thaws, and the houses "float". That is, before building a house, the foundation pit is not digged, but a concrete pile is driven into the ground.

Winter in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins in early October and lasts, in most of the territory, until the end of April. The Yakut winter is long, with little snow and very cold. The first winter month is October, at this time the earth still feeds the air with its warmth. Daytime air temperatures are negative (-6 - -8 ° C). But the tide of the cold wave is already felt, especially at night.

November is already a real winter month, the daytime air temperature quite sharply at the beginning of the month marks its position at -20 ° C, slightly varying in the direction of decrease. Towards the end of the month, the daytime air temperature no longer rises above -30 ° C. Trees, lampposts - everything froze, numb, turned into ice. The time of ice mists is coming. They are dense, white, because of the density, traffic lights are sometimes barely visible. They arise due to the additional intake of moisture in the air, as a result of fuel combustion and other industrial and household activities of a person. These fogs are observed only in settlements and are of a purely local nature. On the continental territory of Yakutia, at altitudes up to 600 meters above sea level, the number of days with ice fog, in winter, ranges from 40 to 90 days.

December is the first month of bitter frosts. The average daily air temperature this month is about - 40 ° C. In December, Yakutia receives the minimum amount of solar radiation per year. North of the Arctic Circle, at this time of the year, a large area is occupied by the area of ​​the polar night. In December, the number of days without the sun ranges from 31 days at a latitude close to the Arctic Circle, to 9 - 8 days in the extreme south of the republic. The low altitude of the sun determines a short day throughout the territory of Yakutia, and the polar nights set in beyond the Arctic Circle - darkness and twilight reign for several months. Sometimes, the sky is lit up with bright flashes of the northern lights.

In winter, over the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the air is greatly cooled, an anticyclonic area of ​​increased pressure is formed here. The spur of the Asian anticyclone, almost completely, fills the territory of the republic at this time. The movement of cyclones from west to east, in the north of the republic, is often accompanied by strong winds and prolonged blizzards. Warming is most often accompanied by snowfalls, and the spur of the Asian anticyclone is weakening. The lowest temperatures are observed in the eastern mountainous regions, in depressions, hollows, in narrow valleys and other depressions, with a difficult flow of cold air.

Throughout December, January and February, thaws, throughout the territory of Yakutia, are excluded! In the continental part of Yakutia, the coldest month is January, its average daily air temperature is -45 ° С. In the southern and southwestern regions, the minimum temperatures can drop to -58 - -62 ° С, and in the central regions, the minimum reaches -66 ° С. In the regions of Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk, the average January temperatures reach -50 ° С. But, in these areas, the temperature often drops to -68 - -70 ° C. On the islands and in the coastal part of Yakutia, the coldest month is February. On the coasts of the seas and islands, daytime temperatures are never lower than -46 - -52 ° C. When the temperature drops by one degree in the interval between -40-45 ° C, such a decrease is not very felt, but in the interval -50-65 ° C, each degree of decrease is very strongly felt by the human body.

March is a winter month, but the temperature is slowly declining, and by mid-March it does not exceed -20 ° C. Believe it or not, but for the Yakuts, such a temperature is practically hot! In March, the number of hours of sunshine increases sharply, almost the whole month is clear, there is little precipitation, and the sun is already starting to bake a little. Due to the reflection of the bright sun from the white snow, there is a possibility of damage to eyesight, therefore it is strongly recommended to wear sunglasses during this time.

April is the last month of winter in most of the territory of Yakutia. For the Yakuts, April is the height of spring, although by climatic standards it is still a winter month. Average daily air temperatures in April are always slightly negative, which makes it possible to speak of this month as spring. The average daily air temperature at the beginning of the month is -10 ° C, and by the middle of the month it already rises to -5 ° C. After frosts of -60 ° C, this temperature is practically summer. At the end of April, snowmelt begins, and in the air you can feel the very imminent approach of the long-awaited spring.

Spring in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins in early May. Spring is short, fast and sunny. Snow melts abundantly in early May, ice drift begins on the rivers, earlier in the southern regions, and later in the northern regions. The northern part of the rivers is still covered with ice, there are frosts, and in the south the river has already started. Due to uneven heating, as a rule, ice drift simply does not pass, floods begin. At first, the ice floes will creep on top of each other, break, some of them will remain on the shore. In narrow places, ice jams begin, the water has nowhere to go, it begins to overflow the banks. Well, if the spring rain still falls in the upper reaches, the water level begins to get out of control. In such cases, the Ministry of Emergency Situations takes over. They begin to lay explosives and blow up the formed ice jams to give way to the water. Otherwise, the flood will simply flood everything around, because this is a permafrost region, and the soil practically does not absorb water. In the mountains, blocks of ice do not melt and leave in the next winter.

By May 10, in most of the territory of the republic, the daytime temperature reaches + 5 ° C, and by May 20, the daytime air temperature is already + 10 ° C. Spring in Yakutia differs from the spring in central Russia. Here nature needs to be in time for the maximum in such a short time. The snow does not have time to completely melt, and the trees around are already green. In those areas where the snow has almost melted, the first spring flowers - snowdrops - break through. The air temperature is increasing every day, nature blossoms and comes to life literally before our eyes, but do not forget about frosts that are present at night.

Summer in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins, on average, from the second decade of June. Summers are short and very hot in places. Due to the long duration of the day, transparency and dryness of the air, certain areas of Central Yakutia resemble the Tashkent region in terms of the amount of heat received in June and July. Summer is the time for white nights: the length of daylight hours reaches 20 hours at the latitude of Yakutsk, and beyond the Arctic Circle the sun does not disappear at all, for several weeks.

As soon as the summer heat sets in in June, in Yakutia, large red mosquitoes and beetles, which are popularly called "hair bites", appear everywhere in Yakutia. They are harmless, but eerie black creatures with long mustaches.

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The Yakut summer is distinguished by very strong daily fluctuations - at night, even on a sultry day, it is cool, although warm or hot weather prevails during the day. In the tundra, the frost-free period barely reaches two months; in some years, frosts can be observed throughout the summer, with intervals of less than 30 days. There is no frost-free period on the islands at all. In mountainous regions, the duration of the frost-free period is different.

The warmest summer month is July. During this time, the daytime air temperature often exceeds + 30 ° C. But the African heat, under + 40 ° C, is not uncommon for Yakutia. The highest temperatures are observed in Central Yakutia, on the islands and in the coastal part of the region, the summer is slightly colder, due to the influence of sea air masses. In mountainous regions, the temperature distribution is very variegated, due to the difference in heights, the nature of the relief and various microclimatic factors.

Thanks to the abundance of warmth and light, in the summer months, the vegetation of plants has time to end in a relatively short frost-free period, although none of the regions of the republic is guaranteed from the harmful frosts for agricultural crops in the summer months.

Fogs are frequent in summer. At high relative humidity, typical for the islands and coastal parts of the northern seas, the frequency of fog is very high.
In summer, the area of ​​increased pressure occupies the regions of the Arctic basin and the seas of the Pacific Ocean. The low-pressure spur of the South Asian minimum is directed to the northeast, towards the Oymyakon highlands, where an independent low-pressure core is formed. Significant precipitation is brought by the less common southern cyclones. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in July and August. In general, prolonged rains in Yakutia are not uncommon, especially in the foothills.

Autumn in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins, on average, from 15 to 20 August. The daytime air temperature, at this time, drops below + 15 ° C. Autumn events are developing rapidly, after August 20, the first snow may fall in the region, and the daytime air temperature, in early September, barely reaches + 10 ° C.

The annoying mosquitoes, in the fall, are replaced by the no less annoying midges, from which there is even more anxiety for both man and beast. She can get in wherever she can - she can get into the ear, or into the eyes. Midges are more intrusive than mosquitoes. A person, before going out into the taiga, dresses so that there is no free access to open areas of the body, otherwise the midges will "devour".

In September, the ground cools down and begins to freeze. Gray lingering rains quickly give way to snowfalls, but snow, depending on weather conditions, usually does not last long. By October 10, most rivers freeze, the average daily temperature becomes negative, a stable snow cover falls - a long cold winter begins ...

Precipitation over the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is distributed extremely unevenly. Under the influence of mountain ranges, plateaus, depressions (hollows) and lowlands, precipitation is redistributed over the territory. A decrease in precipitation occurs on islands and sea coasts. The cold period (November - March) accounts for about 20 - 25%, and the warm (April - October) about 75 - 80% of the annual precipitation. The minimum precipitation is observed in February - March. On the Oymyakon Upland, the Nersk Upland and in the Verkhoyansk region, the minimum precipitation is observed in March - April. On islands and seashores - in January - March. The maximum precipitation occurs in July - August.

On average, precipitation in solid form in Yakutia per year ranges from 25% in the south to 50% on the islands; liquid precipitation from 30% on the islands to 70% in the south. Due to the insignificant amount of precipitation falling in winter, the snow cover, in the vast majority of the territory, has a small thickness. The number of days with snow cover on the territory ranges from 200 - 210 days - in the south of Yakutia, up to 250 days - in the tundra zone. The smallest number of cloudy days (120 - 130) is observed in the Central Yakutsk Plain and in the region of Verkhoyansk, the largest (160 - 180) - on the islands and the coast of the northern seas, and the smallest number of hours of sunshine per year is also observed here (1,000 - 1 300 hours).

In most of the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), weak and moderate winds prevail - up to 1 - 2 m / s. On the islands of the polar seas, winds prevail at a speed of 4 - 5 m / s. Strong winds (up to 15 m / s) are most often observed on the islands and coasts of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas, as well as in the Lena Valley (down from the mouth of the Aldan), and in the tundra zone.

When to go to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Yakutia is a beautiful harsh land, the whole territory is located in the permafrost zone, which is a kind of paradise for lovers of extreme tourism. Nevertheless, the summer months - June and July - are those short periods when curious travelers, ecologists and naturalists can visit Yakutia. It is warm, almost hot, and very sunny, and untouched nature and excellent opportunities for an active type of recreation attract many travelers to this region.
Yakutia is very rich in rivers and lakes. In summer, cruises along the Lena River are very popular, during which you can admire the river bends, nicknamed "Lena Cheeks".

Yakutia is a real paradise for ecologists and zoologists. The untouched nature of Yakutia has become the basis for the creation of several huge reserves here to preserve wildlife. Many birds living in Yakutia are so rare that they are listed in the Red Book. Traveling along ecological routes, tourists observe the life of forest, tundra, river inhabitants, get acquainted with their habits.

Lovers of history and architecture should definitely visit Yakutsk, the capital of the region. Get acquainted with the history and customs of local people, visit the mammoth museum, look at the Yakut diamonds - this is not all that this city can offer you.

In August in Yakutia it will be interesting for mushroom pickers and those who like to pick berries. At this time, the most delicious and wholesome berries ripen in the taiga. Northern berries have a special, strong taste and are rich in juicy shades.

Not the best time to travel to Yakutia is the Yakut autumn (second half of August - September) and the Yakut spring (May). It is cold, damp and dirty, it rains, or, on the contrary, everything melts everywhere, there may be floods, inexperienced travelers and fishermen risk falling under the ice.

You should not go to Yakutia in winter - from October to May. Despite the fact that rest in Yakutia in winter is becoming more and more popular and promoted, here you can admire the northern lights, ride reindeer and dog sleds, hiking to the North Pole is actively organized here - all this is a rest for extreme lovers, an ordinary unprepared person is better do not participate in this.

In winter, it is cold, very cold, not everyone can withstand the air temperature of -60 ° C and below, and independent travel, in your own car, in such temperatures is simply not possible. But, if you still love adventure, and decide to travel to Yakutia in the winter, remember - you must dress very warmly. A fur coat or sheepskin coat, a fur hat and special insulated shoes - high fur boots (deerskin shoes with felt soles), must be of high quality, waterproof and warm.

Climate of the Kamchatka Territory

The climate of the Kamchatka Territory is quite diverse, in the northern part it is subarctic, on the coasts it is temperate maritime, and in the interior regions it is temperate continental. The Kamchatka Peninsula stretches from north to south, for almost 1,500 km, and this alone causes the difference in temperature regime in its southern and northern parts. For example, if in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky the thermometer shows -10 ° C, it means that in the central part of the peninsula, at that moment, at least -25 ° C. Also, active volcanoes and glaciers (there are more than 400 of them in Kamchatka) affect Kamchatka weather. The Kamchatka Territory is dotted with mountain ranges and ridges (up to 2,500 m high, excluding volcanoes, the average height of which is 3,200 m), which trap cyclonic masses coming from the sea and do not let them into the interior of the peninsula.

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The climate here is rather harsh and very changeable. Cold currents of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas reduce the average annual air temperatures, which is especially unfavorable in the warm season. A sudden cold snap or warming can occur, literally, in a few hours. In half an hour, the temperature can rise by ten degrees! And the record for Kamchatka weather temperature is 36 ° C per day! Clear calm weather in the morning, by lunchtime it can change to stormy weather, with heavy precipitation and hurricane winds.

A feature of Kamchatka weather is strong winds, often turning into hurricanes and storms, which is caused by cyclones constantly walking over the Pacific Ocean.
The entire territory of the Kamchatka Territory belongs to the regions of the Far North. The temperature regime, the nature of precipitation, as well as the geological structure, determined the modern glaciation. In total, there are 414 glaciers in the region with a total area of ​​871.1 km². They are located mainly in high mountain ranges and on volcanoes. The influence of glaciers on the climate of Kamchatka and its nature, in general, is insignificant.

Winter in the Kamchatka Territory begins in early October - November and lasts, in total, in the north - 7 months, in the south - 5 months. If we compare it with the winter of the central regions of the Far East, then it is somewhat milder, since the Kamchatka Peninsula, on all sides, is surrounded by large bodies of water.

Winter begins when snow caps appear on the hills, and every day, the snow line sinks lower and lower until it covers the entire territory. In general, the Kamchatka winter is cold and very snowy. Snow falls early and almost immediately a stable snow cover forms. Sometimes, in one day, 100%, or more, of the monthly norm of snow can fall. There is a lot of snow, in the foothills the height of the snow cover reaches 2.5 meters. On coastal areas, hills and sandy spits, it is often blown away by the wind and carried into the sea, exposing the soil. In most areas of the Kamchatka Territory, the snow cover lasts for almost six months.

The coldest month of the year is January, its average air temperatures in the north and in the center are -24 ° C, in the south of the peninsula - -8 ° C. The coldest part of the peninsula in winter is the Central Kamchatka Lowland, where the average January temperature reaches -26 ° C. The Kamchatka lowland is protected from the influence of cyclones by powerful ridges, therefore, in winter frosty, relatively quiet, slightly cloudy continental weather prevails here. But the lowest temperature was observed in the area of ​​the village of Milkovo - -57 ° С. Despite such low temperatures, the "pole of cold" is located in the village of Verkhne-Penzhino, where the recorded temperature is -64 ° C!

In winter, cyclones quite often move across the southeastern coast, where they carry the warm and humid air of the Japanese and Yellow Seas, causing prolonged snowfalls, blizzards and stormy winds. At the same time, thaws are observed throughout the region, there are frequent cases of temperature increases up to + 5 ° С in January and February. Thaws last for several days, then frosts come into effect again.

Spring in the Kamchatka Territory begins in early April, and in the northern regions of the peninsula - in early May. In general, the Kamchatka winter is cold and short, and lasts about 2 months. The course of spring is influenced by the seas washing Kamchatka. Ice, in the coastal part of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas, occurs during May, and in some bays and bays it lasts until June. During this period of time, it is cold on the coasts, and only at the beginning of June the air temperature rises to +5 ° С.

Spring is warmer in the central part of the peninsula. The thermometer passes the temperature of + 5 ° С in mid-April, and in mid-May the daytime air temperature reaches + 15 ° С. Spring is characterized by extremely unstable weather - cold returns are frequent, frosts can hold on, or even snowstorms rage.

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Summer in the Kamchatka Territory begins in early June, and in the northern regions of the peninsula - almost a month later. Kamchatka summer, short, cold, cloudy and rainy. There are few hot days, but the farther from the coast, the more, the higher the average temperature. In addition, due to the large length of the Kamchatka Peninsula from north to south, summer passes here, everywhere, in completely different ways. While there is snow everywhere on the Parapolsky Valley, the Karaginsky Bay is clogged with ice fragments, and the rivers are flooded, bird cherry and meadow grasses bloom in the Central Kamchatka Lowland, and in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area, many plants are already fading, and the Avacha Bay beach is visited by bathers , although half of the Avachinskaya volcano is still covered with a white snow cap. In addition, weather conditions not only depend on the latitude of the area, but also vary from place to place during the day. For example, in the eastern regions, during one day, the summer heat can be replaced by cold drizzling rain, reminiscent of deep autumn, or fog, with a piercing wind, and heat can return again to replace them.

The warmest summer month is July, and on the coasts it is August. The average daily temperature in July, in the continental part of Kamchatka, is + 18 ° C, and on the coast, in August, + 14 ° C. The "hottest" place is the valley of the Kamchatka River, where in summer there is real heat and the air warms up to + 30 ° C. The highest temperature was observed in the village of Dolinovka - +37 ° С. In general, the number of warm days with temperatures above + 20 ° С in the Kamchatka Territory reaches: on the coast - from 1 to 6 days, in the mainland - from 20 to 30 days, and in the valley of the Kamchatka River - from 35 to 55 days ...

Warm days alternate with rainy ones. But thunderclouds are rarely formed, since there are few hot days in Kamchatka. When the air humidity is high, there is not enough heat for the formation of thunderclouds. In the central regions of the peninsula, every year, there are 2 - 3 thunderstorms, on the coasts they happen once every few years.

In summer, southern winds blow on the coasts, fogs are frequent. A milky-white shroud envelops the coasts and islands. The number of foggy days ranges from 70 to 115 on the coasts. A special place is occupied by Cape Lopatka, where in warm weather there are more than 100 days with fog.

Autumn in the Kamchatka Territory begins in mid-September, and in the north - in mid-August. Perhaps autumn is the best time of the year in Kamchatka. It is a rather pleasant warm, sunny season, albeit a fairly short one. In early autumn, in the valley of the Kamchatka River and in the northern regions, the average daily air temperature reaches + 10 ° С, on the coasts + 5 ° С, and on some days it rises to +15 - + 20 ° С. On such days, the bright blue of the sky, transparent air, colored in various colors, hills and forests give the Kamchatka autumn a unique charm.

But, every day the temperature drops. In a month and a half, it drops below zero, snowfalls replace rains, many rivers and lakes freeze, and winter gradually comes into its legal rights in these parts ....

Nature has not deprived the Kamchatka Territory of precipitation. More precipitation falls here than in any other region of Russia. Most of them are in the southern regions of the peninsula, where they fall up to 2,500 mm per year. In the Central Kamchatka lowland, protected from the influence of cyclones by the Sredinny and Vostochny ridges, the amount of precipitation is, on average, 400 mm per year. On the northeastern coast, the amount of precipitation increases to 500 - 600 mm per year. The smallest amount of precipitation falls in the extreme north-west of the region - up to 300 mm per year. As a rule, more precipitation falls in the warm season than in the cold.

On the coast of the Kamchatka Territory, strong winds are often observed - up to 40 m / s. The windiest part of the region is the east coast. The west coast is not windy. The wind tends to change its speed depending on the season, the most windy are the winter months.

When to go to the Kamchatka Territory. Kamchatka is beautiful and amazing at any time of the year. But the capricious weather never lets you relax here. But, if you, nevertheless, decide to visit this unique land, you will never regret it.

It is best to plan your trip to Kamchatka during the warm season - from May to the end of September. A variety of activities and entertainment will not let you get bored even for a minute - after all, Kamchatka is a mega paradise for active tourists. Walking excursions to mountain lakes and hot springs, climbing the volcanoes Avachinsky, Mutnovsky, Gorely, Tolbachik, where you can feel like a conqueror of peaks, horse tours and excursions, during which you can visit natural monuments and hot thermal springs, river rafting and great fishing , sea excursions and diving - this is not the whole list of what you can get carried away with here in the summer.

In a relatively small area, there are 5 nature parks, 2 reserves, 17 reserves and about 170 unique natural objects that attract ecologists and zoologists from all over the world to these places.

It is worth visiting the capital of the Kamchatka Territory - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Here you can visit the Kamchatka United Museum, the exhibits of which tell about the history of the region, the indigenous peoples of Kamchatka and their ancient culture, fauna and flora of the peninsula. The Museum of Volcanology is also interesting, which contains a unique collection of samples of volcanic lava, not only from Kamchatka, but also from Japan, New Zealand, America, Mexico, Iceland.

Summer holidays in Kamchatka are amazing. But, it is worth remembering that in the warm season, the region is especially prone to cyclonic activity, in other words, it rains quite often, at which a rather low pressure is observed. In general, the average pressure throughout Kamchatka is below normal - 757 - 758 mm Hg. Taking into account the frequent changes of weather and frequent magnetic storms, weather-sensitive people should definitely take the necessary medicines with them so that the long-awaited vacation does not turn into a nightmare!

Winter time - from November to the end of March, is suitable for lovers of winter sports and entertainment. Ski trips, helicopter excursions to hot springs and volcanoes, exciting ice fishing and snowmobile safaris - choose any activity you like! But, given the inconstancy of Kamchatka weather, you should dress warmer, and take special care in the choice of tourist equipment, paying special attention to the waterproofness of shoes.

The least successful months for a trip to Kamchatka are Kamchatka autumn (October) and Kamchatka spring (April, in the north - May). These months are the pinnacle of unpredictability and changeable weather. No weather forecast and no forecasters can predict what will happen in the next few minutes. In addition, the cold autumn season is not the best time to contemplate the unique Kamchatka nature. And in springtime, it is categorically not recommended to climb the hills and mountains, melting snow can form an avalanche that sweeps away everything in its path.

Climate of the Khabarovsk Territory

The climate of the Khabarovsk Territory is moderate monsoon, characterized by cold winters and humid hot summers. The territory of the Khabarovsk Territory belongs to the Amuro-Ussuriysk climatic region, which is part of the Pacific monsoon region of the temperate zone.

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The great length of the Khabarovsk Territory from south to north determines different climatic conditions, which depend on the distance to the sea, altitude, exposure, steepness and length of mountain slopes, wind regime and temperature inversions.

The most severe indicators are observed in the north of the region, in the south the climate is comparatively warmer, the milder climate on the coast of the Khabarovsk Territory. Very harsh climatic conditions are also observed in flat areas, where the frost-free period is almost a month shorter than in the foothills, and in the middle belt of the mountains. In areas of a haze landscape, under boggy larch forests and damp reed-sedge meadows, there is a long-season permafrost.

Winter in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the north and in the mountains - in early October, in the south - in early November. Khabarovsk winter is characterized by sunny weather with severe frosts, quite often accompanied by winds, moreover, on the coast of the edge of the frost is noticeably weaker.

In October - November freeze-up forms on the rivers, which is preceded by a freezing period. The average duration of freezing of the Amur river is about 10 - 25 days, the Kur river freezes in 23 - 51 days, the Uda river in 11 - 44 days, the Tugur river in 25 - 89 days. Freezing up occurs on the rivers of the Ulch region, approximately, November 10 - 15, on the tributaries of the Amur, in the southern regions - in mid-November.

The formation of a stable snow cover begins in the north - at the beginning of October, and in the south - in the first decade of November, and reaches, on average, 18 cm, with a maximum of 25 cm.

On the slopes of the Dzhugdzhur ridge, facing the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the amount of solid precipitation is much higher than on the slopes facing inward of the continent. This is due to the breakthroughs from Japan, through the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, of powerful cyclones, bringing heavy snowfalls and intense blizzards. Therefore, on the coastal slopes, the height of the snow cover is much higher - up to 100 cm, and on the western slopes, in total, 50 - 80 cm. During the winter, the depth of freezing of rocks reaches 3.2 m.

Due to the abundance of snow cover, in the Khabarovsk Territory there is a rather long avalanche-prone period, which is, on average, 90 - 150 days, on the slopes of the Suntar-Khayata, Dzhugdzhur, Stanovoy ridges and the upper elevations of the Sikhote-Alin, and up to 30 - 90 days on Bureinsky, Badzhal ranges and the lower parts of the Sikhote-Alin. As a rule, the volume of avalanches does not exceed 10,000 m³, however, on the Dzhugdzhur ridge, on the Stanovoy ridge, as well as in the sections of the Bureinsky and Badzhal ridges, avalanches of up to 50,000 - 70,000 m³ are possible.

January is the coldest month of the year, with an average daily temperature of -22 ° C in the south, -40 ° C in the north, and -18 ° C on the coast. In February, frosts do not subside, the air temperature, on average, is 3-4 ° C lower than in January. This month is the most likely to be snowstorms and blizzards, accompanied by strong gusts of wind.

March is a calendar spring, but in the Khabarovsk Territory, it is still a winter month. The amount of solar radiation in March increases markedly, the sun begins to bake, and the snow cover, this month, reaches its maximum value. As a rule, there are no severe frosts in March, the air temperature is moderately negative, in the south of the region, at the end of the month, thaws come.

Spring in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the south of the region - at the end of March, in the north and in the mountains - only at the end of April. The beginning of spring is characterized by very unstable weather - warm days are quickly replaced by cold and rainy ones. Nevertheless, the air temperature rises almost daily.

The destruction of ice begins on the rivers of the southern regions - in the second half of March, on the rivers of the northern regions - in the second half of April. At the same time, intense snowmelt begins. The area of ​​the middle Amur is completely cleared of ice, from the village of Nagibovo to the village of Kazakevichevo, at the beginning of the third decade of April, and already from here, the opening front gradually moves to the north, reaching, in early May, the latitude of the city of Komsomolsk and by 10-15 May of the northern regions basin of the Amur.

May is the very height of spring in the Khabarovsk Territory, in the south of the region leaves bloom, the grass turns green, flowers bloom. Forests and meadows wake up from hibernation, insects around are buzzing, singing, flying ... In the north of the region, nature also comes to life, only in slow motion. Here, in some places, there is still snow, and ice floes are floating on the rivers, nevertheless, the birds chirp merrily, the sun is hot, and the air is filled with the heady aroma of wet earth.

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But, even at this wonderful time of the year, nature does not allow a person to relax. In addition to a good mood and warm sunny days, May also brings with it unpleasant consequences - namely, flooding of rivers. Every year in the Khabarovsk Territory, some of the rivers get out of control. This is due to floods, ice drift, and simply heavy rainfall. For example, the Bira river floods from May to September, for about 3 to 5 days, in each month. Near the Tunguska, in the area of ​​the lower course of the Kura, in May, the floodplain is flooded, on average, for 6 days, in August and September for 14-21 days, and in October for 2-7 days. And on the Amguni River, water spills, on average, last 10 - 11 days in each month, from May to September, but in June the duration of flooding can increase to 15 - 16 days.

Summer in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the south of the region - at the end of May, in the north and in the mountains - at the end of June. Khabarovsk summer is very hot (with the exception of the sea coast) and humid. June is a rather dry hot month, there is little precipitation, but the number of hours of sunshine is the largest in the year, in the entire Khabarovsk Territory. This is facilitated by the maximum duration of daylight hours - 15-16 hours a day.

A completely different situation is observed in July and August. At this time, heavy rainfall is observed. Overcast skies in these months make up, on average, 60% of the days. In the southern regions of the region, rains are observed due to the penetration of humid tropical air masses here.

July is the warmest month of the year, the average daily temperature in July is + 28 ° С - in the south of the region, + 20 ° С - in the north, and + 18 ° С - on the sea coast. High peaks and slopes of mountains (+5 - + 15 ° С) are characterized by low temperatures in summer.

August is the last summer month. In the south of the region, the weather is still warm, with heavy rains, so August is a great time for mushroom pickers and berry lovers. At this time, hundreds of people flock to the forests to replenish their vitamin supplies for the long cold winter. In contrast to the south, in the north of the Khabarovsk Territory, August is already a rather cool month, the temperature, at this time, rarely rises above + 18 ° C, and at the end of the month, at night, frosts may occur.

Autumn in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the south of the region - in mid-September, in the north of the region and in the mountains - in mid-August. The beginning of autumn is the best time of the year, this warm sunny season, without sweltering heat and strong winds. Nevertheless, a noticeable decrease in air temperature is observed, not in the north of the region - faster, in the south - more slowly. The second half of September brings prolonged cold rains to the south of the region, and in the north, at this time, snowfalls are frequent guests.

In October, in the north of the region, real winter begins, while in the south, nature is still preparing for winter, completing the finishing touches. At this time, frosts are frequent, and by the end of the month, at night, slightly negative air temperatures are established. Rains give way to snowfalls, but a stable snow cover falls only in the first half of November.

Atmospheric precipitation in the Khabarovsk Territory, throughout the year, falls unevenly. In the south of the Khabarovsk Territory and on the eastern slopes of the Bureinsky ridge, precipitation is 600 - 800 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation is observed in the area of ​​the Sikhoe-Alin ridge - 800 - 1,000 mm. In the coastal strip of the region, the amount of precipitation decreases to 400 - 700 mm. In the valley of the Amur River, 500 - 600 mm of precipitation falls. The greatest amount of precipitation in the southern and central parts of the Khabarovsk Territory falls in August, and on the coast of the Tatar Strait (south of Cape Surkum) - in September. The shortest duration of precipitation is observed in spring and autumn, when cyclonic activity weakens. Air humidity reaches 80 - 100% in summer, 80 - 85% in winter.

When to go to the Khabarovsk Territory. Since ancient times, this vast region has been shrouded in an aura of romance. Tourists are attracted here by the amazing, in its beauty and wealth, nature of the region: full-flowing rivers, age-old taiga, unique flora and fauna.

The best time to travel to the Khabarovsk Territory is the summer months - from June to September. These months are great for fishing - the deep rivers of the Khabarovsk Territory - Amur, Ussuri, Gur - are rich in fish, among which the giant fish Kaluga, taimen and brown trout stand out. It is in the local rivers that their world trophy specimens are caught.

For fans of ecological tourism, there is also plenty of space here - recreation centers, boarding houses and tourist centers of the Khabarovsk Territory offer a variety of programs to familiarize themselves with the beauty of the region, its attractions and opportunities for interesting, exciting, rich in impressions, recreation. To the south of Khabarovsk is the Bolshekhekhtsirsky nature reserve, which was established specifically to preserve the unique landscapes of the Amur region. Lakes Evoron, Udyl, Chukchagirskoe, Bolon are known as sites for migratory birds - ducks, geese, cranes and storks, and on Lake Mukhtel you can see swans in spring and autumn.

The undoubted attraction of the region is the Shantar Islands, where among the forests, pierced by a network of rivers, streams, waterfalls and lakes, many birds nest, some of which are listed in the Red Book.

Cruise tours along the Amur River are very pleasant in the warm season. On these cruises, you can get acquainted with the picturesque nature of the shores of the Amur, study the culture, life and crafts of the peoples of the Amur region - Ulyches and Nanai.

The winter months - from December to March - are a great time for winter sports, since there is plenty of snow here. Snowmobiling, horseback riding and tobogganing, skiing, ice skating, ice fishing - all of which are not available here. Komsomolsk-on-Amur has modern ski slopes running along the Znatnaya, Polygon, Amurstal hills. There are ski slopes in the Solnechny region. But it is worth remembering that winters are cold here, it is worth taking only the warmest things on a trip.

The most inappropriate time to travel to the Khabarovsk Territory is the autumn months - October, November, and the spring months - March, April, and May - in the north of the region. These are transitional months, with unstable air temperatures, heavy rainfall, and often strong winds. Roads in many parts of the region can become impassable during these months and rivers overflow their banks.

A characteristic feature of the climate of the Khabarovsk Territory is the sharp drops in atmospheric pressure. In such cases, people who are especially sensitive to pressure drops may experience great discomfort - headache, pain in the heart and other organs, exacerbation of sciatica and sciatic nerve diseases, tinnitus. It is recommended to take these features into account when traveling to the Khabarovsk Territory, and take the necessary medicines with you.

Climate of the Sakhalin region

The climate of the Sakhalin region is moderate monsoon. This is the only island region in Russia that includes Sakhalin Island, with the Moneron and Tyuleniy islands located nearby, and two ridges of the Kuril Islands.

Flights to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

The climate of the Sakhalin region is greatly influenced by the washing seas and their currents. From the north, along the eastern coast, the cold Kuril Current passes, forming lower temperatures in the summer months, compared with the corresponding latitudes of the western coast. Southern Sakhalin and its western shores are influenced by the warmer Sea of ​​Japan and the relatively warm terminal jets of the Tsushima Current. And if we compare Sakhalin with similar territories of European Russia, then the seasons on the island replace each other with a delay of about three weeks. True, the climate here is more severe than in other areas of the temperate zone. The northern end of the Sakhalin region lies at the latitude of Tula, and the southern end - at the latitude of Sochi. However, the climatic features of these regions are significantly different. For example, the climate of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is characterized by severe winters with strong winds and blizzards, and cool summers with frequent rains and fogs.

During the year, an intensive exchange of air masses is observed between the Pacific Ocean and the eastern outskirts of Eurasia, along the path of which Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are located. Seasonal changes in air currents determine the thermal contrast between the continent and the ocean. During the year, on average, about 100 cyclones pass over Sakhalin, causing increased wind, cloudy weather with precipitation, and in late summer and early autumn typhoons are observed, which are accompanied by storm winds reaching speeds of more than 40 m / s. and heavy rains. Frequent cyclones are often accompanied by floods. Often, on Sakhalin, there are heavy snowfalls, blizzards and storms, severe frosts, ice phenomena, avalanches, thunderstorms, downpours and accompanying powerful rain floods, mud landslides, and on the coasts - voluminous tides, surges, tsunamis. The nature of the Sakhalin Region is very fragile and unusually capricious.

Winter in the Sakhalin Oblast begins at the end of October - in the north of Sakhalin, and at the beginning of November - in the south of Sakhalin. In the northern Kuril Islands, winter begins in the second decade of November, on the southern Kuril Islands - in the first decade of December. In general, the winter in the Sakhalin region is harsh and snowy, with frequent and prolonged blizzards. There are such snowfalls that it seems that tons of snow bury everything in their path, benches, cars, poles, fences, houses. Notices so that the illuminated windows of houses only smolder weakly.

In the north of Sakhalin, the snow cover is established at the end of October, in the south - almost a month later. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, a stable snow cover appears, on average, on November 22. On the Kuril Islands, snow cover is established in the north - at the end of November, in the south - at the beginning of December. Intense and prolonged blizzards are very often observed, which add even more severity to the Kuril winter. Winter is characterized by significant cloudiness associated with cyclonic activity caused by the proximity of the Aleutian minimum.

Soils freeze to a shallow depth: in the north and in the middle of Sakhalin up to 140 - 160 cm, in the south - up to 40 - 70 cm, which is due to a large snow cover and a high level of groundwater. In the north of Sakhalin, there are separate areas of permafrost.

The duration of sunshine in December is minimal and decreases from north to south. In the north of the western coast of Sakhalin, it is about 90 hours a month, in the south of the west coast - 40 hours, and on the east coast - within 70 - 100 hours. On the Kuril Islands, the duration of sunshine ranges from 30 to 50 hours per month, and in the south of the Kuril Islands it reaches 100 hours.

The influence of the stable Siberian anticyclone makes the winter in the north of Sakhalin more severe and snowy, while the southern part is under the influence of southern cyclones, and more often finds itself in a stream of relatively warm air. In winter, the Kuril Islands are characterized by intense precipitation and blizzards, especially snow charges, which greatly impair visibility. Most of all, January is rich in precipitation, this month, approximately, from 20 - 25 days with precipitation, but their intensity is low.

The coldest month of the year, in the Sakhalin region, is February, its average daily temperature in the north of Sakhalin is -16 - -24 ° С, in the south - -10 -18 ° С. On some days, the minimum temperatures can drop to -50 ° C in the north, and -40 ° C in the south. The coldest place on Sakhalin is the central part of the Tym-Poronayskaya lowland, where the average monthly temperature in January is -26 ° C, and the absolute minimum air temperature reached -54 ° C. The amplitude of temperature fluctuations in this area is more than 90 ° C. On the Kuril Islands, the average daytime air temperatures in February are -6 - -8 ° С. Temperature differences in winter between the northern and southern parts of the islands are insignificant and amount to about 2 ° С. However, thaws can be observed in any part of the Sakhalin Oblast, in any of the winter months.

The minimum amount of precipitation per year falls in February. In the north of Sakhalin, their number ranges from 15 to 20 mm, in the south - 25 - 35 mm, in the central regions there is 20 - 30 mm of precipitation.

March is a full-fledged winter month in the entire Sakhalin region. In March, the snow cover reaches the greatest value, on average, from 50 cm - in the north of Sakhalin, up to 70 cm - in the south, and up to 100 cm - in the east. On the Kuril Islands, the height of the snow cover decreases from north to south and reaches, on average, up to 60 - 30 cm. On the islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge, in warm winters with little snow, unstable snow cover is noted. Due to strong winds, the snow cover is uneven; from the windward slopes of the mountains, and from unprotected areas, snow drifts and accumulates in river valleys, where its height can reach several meters. The accumulation of large amounts of snow in the Sakhalin mountains leads to the formation and descent of avalanches.

Spring in the Sakhalin Oblast begins in the south of Sakhalin - in early April, in the north of Sakhalin - in early May. In the Kuril Islands, spring comes, on the northern islands - at the end of April, on the southern islands - at the end of March. In general, the Sakhalin spring is protracted, cold, with late snowfalls and fogs, in part, the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk is to blame for this, which affects the climate of the region like a giant thermal accumulator. With the beginning of spring, the invasion of air masses from the Pacific Ocean is becoming more frequent on the territory of the region and the adjacent waters of the seas, causing the winds of the southern and southeastern directions.

The spring temperature rise is very slow, there are frequent returns of cold weather, sometimes, with very low negative air temperatures, with precipitation in the form of rain and snow.

The destruction of the snow cover begins in the south of Sakhalin - in early April, in the north - in early May, in the mountains the snow melts slowly and can persist until July. The average dates for the complete disappearance of the snow cover are from April 22 (Kholmsk) to May 28 (Cape Elizabeth). On the Kuril Islands, the destruction of the snow cover occurs: on the northern islands - in early May, on the southern islands - in early April.

Freezing temperatures in May and even June are common. In addition, it can snow in May and June. As summer approaches, cloudiness and precipitation increase everywhere in the Sakhalin region, fogs become more frequent.

Cheap hotels in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Summer in the Sakhalin Region begins in the south of Sakhalin - in mid-June, in the north of Sakhalin - in early July. In the northern Kuril Islands, summer begins in mid-June, on the southern Kuril Islands - in early June. As a rule, summer weather is very erratic.

In general, the summer in the Sakhalin region is short, rainy and cool, in all months, except for August, frosts can be observed, and in the central part of the Tym-Poronayskaya lowland, in some years, frosts are possible throughout the summer. The eastern windward shores of Sakhalin, subject to the intense influence of the cool summer monsoon, are colder than the western ones everywhere. This affects the influence of ice, which, during this period, is carried away by the current from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the south, along the eastern coast of the island. Summer on the Kuril Islands is characterized by high air humidity, more than 97%.

The distribution of cloudiness in summer changes: the windward eastern coasts and the south of the Tym-Poronayskaya lowland become more cloudy. The western coast is characterized by a decrease in cloudiness - the smallest value is observed in the middle part, and to the north and south it increases.

High air humidity in summer contributes to the formation of frequent and prolonged fogs on the islands of the Sakhalin Region. The maximum number of foggy days is observed in June in the Sakhalin Oblast. Fogs are especially frequent on the eastern coast of Sakhalin, on average, 12 - 18 days. On the Kuril Islands, there are 26 - 28 foggy days in every summer month. Usually the fogs persist continuously for several days.

The longest sunshine duration is observed in July. On the eastern coast of Sakhalin, the average sunshine duration is 100 - 150 hours per month, in the south of the Tym-Poronayskaya lowland - 130 hours, in the Susunai lowland - 140 hours. On the Kuril Islands, the duration of sunshine varies from 70 to 150 hours - there are a lot of days without sun, on average, 10 - 15 days a month.

The warmest month of the year is August. Its average daily air temperatures in the north of Sakhalin are + 12 - + 17 ° С, in the south of Sakhalin - + 12 - + 17 ° С. On the northern Kuril Islands, the average daily temperature in August reaches + 10 ° С, on the southern Kuril Islands - + 16 ° С.

At the same time, days with very high daytime air temperatures are no exception. For example, in the north of Sakhalin, the air temperature, on some days, can reach + 33 ° С, and in the central part of the Tym-Poronayskaya lowland - up to + 38 ° С. The maximum temperatures on the northern Kuril Islands do not exceed + 26 ° С, on the southern Kuril Islands the daytime air temperature can reach + 32 ° С.

The lowest summer temperatures occur on the eastern coast of Sakhalin, where the influence of the cold East Sakhalin Current affects. In August, the maximum amount of precipitation is also observed, associated with the intensification of cyclonic activity over the ocean. The number of days with heavy rainfall is especially increasing.

Autumn in the Sakhalin region begins in the north of Sakhalin - in mid-August, in the south of Sakhalin - in the second decade of September. Autumn comes to the northern Kuril Islands at the end of August, to the southern Kuril Islands - in the third decade of September. In general, autumn in the Sakhalin region is predominantly sunny and warm.

Early autumn is the most favorable time of the year. The air temperature is still quite high, often daytime air temperatures reach + 26 ° С, cloudiness decreases, cloudy skies are, on average, 50%, the number of days with fog is sharply reduced, relative humidity decreases, solar activity is still high, which fluctuates within 150 -180 hours per month. In the Kuril Islands, air humidity decreases in autumn and the number of foggy days is sharply reduced, and the prevailing wind direction is northwest.

Gradually, the air temperature decreases, frosts are periodically observed. But it happens that in the valley of the Tym River, frosts begin, already, in early August, and then again, often until November, fine warm days are established. From October, the total amount of precipitation begins to decrease. This is due to a decrease in the number of days with heavy rains. At this time, also, in most of the territory of the Sakhalin region, a sharp cooling is observed. At the end of October - November, the winter period begins ...

Various physical and geographical features determine the uneven distribution of precipitation over the territory of the region. During the year, up to 600 - 850 mm of precipitation falls on the western coast of Sakhalin, up to 500 - 750 mm in the middle parts, more than 400 mm in the north, and up to 1000 - 1200 mm in the mountains. The largest average annual precipitation falls in the city of Aniva - up to 990 mm, the least - at the Kuegda meteorological station, on average, 476 mm. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, an average of 753 mm of precipitation falls per year. The Kuril Islands receive 1,100 - 1,700 mm of precipitation per year, with a maximum on the Simushir Island. Most of the precipitation (up to 76%) falls in the warm season, in the form of rain. Abundant rains fall during the typhoon period and lead to a rise in water in rivers up to 4 meters.

The Sakhalin region is also famous for its squall, powerful winds. The highest wind speeds are usually observed during the cold season. In the Kuril Islands, the average annual wind speed is 5.7 m / s in the south, 6.4 m / s in the north, and 7.8 m / s in the middle Kuril Islands. On Sakhalin, the average annual wind speed reaches 8 - 12 m / s. In winter, winds from the north-west prevail, in summer - from the south and south-east.

When to go to the Sakhalin region. On the islands of the Sakhalin region there is neither a warm sea nor a dazzling bright sun, but there are many other opportunities for a full and informative rest.

The best time to travel to the Sakhalin region, the warm summer months are from June to October. Sakhalin Region is a paradise for active sports! Here they overcome insurmountable obstacles, force rivers and seas, climb mountains and descend into caves, paraglide and windsurf. And what a fishing here! Huge herds of salmon from the ocean rush into the rivers, there are so many fish that you can catch it with your hands! Hunting enthusiasts will also be happy here. Hunting in the Sakhalin Region includes hunting for brown bears, red deer, fur animals, upland and waterfowl.

You can feel the breath of the planet by visiting the Yuzhno-Sakhalin mud volcano. There are also hot mineral springs here. Since ancient times, the Daginsky thermal springs of mineral waters and muds have been very popular. Patients with skin and nervous diseases, as well as diseases of the organs of movement and the gastrointestinal tract can be treated here.
Fans of ecological tourism in the Sakhalin region can taste the crystal clear water of the Ayichka River with healing properties. In general, ecological tourism in the Sakhalin Oblast is about trips to remote corners of the islands, where the "pristine" balance of the natural world is still preserved.

If you are desperate and are not afraid of bad weather and severe frosts, you can go to the Sakhalin Region in winter, from December to April. Among lovers of winter recreation, skiing of the Sakhalin Region is especially popular, with slopes of various levels of difficulty, suitable for both beginners and "advanced" skiers. But remember, the weather in winter is extremely capricious, storms, hurricanes, blizzards, snowstorms and severe frosts are a very frequent phenomenon, therefore, a trip in winter, to this harsh land, should be carefully thought out.

Not the best time for a trip to the Sakhalin Oblast are the autumn months - October, November, and the spring months - April, May. These are transitional months with extremely erratic weather patterns, strong temperature fluctuations, and biting winds. It is unlikely that you will experience the pleasure of the trip, struggling with the weather conditions.

Climate of the Jewish Autonomous Region

The climate of the Jewish Autonomous Region is moderate monsoon. According to its climatic conditions, the region belongs to one of the most favorable corners of the Russian Far East. The climatic conditions here are favorable for the development of forest and grass vegetation and the cultivation of various agricultural crops.Fertile lands and vast forest lands are the main wealth of the Jewish Autonomous Region. And from the southwest, south and southeast, for 584 km, the territory of the region is washed by the waters of one of the greatest rivers of Eurasia - the Amur.

In the north of the region, the climate is rather harsh, in the south it softens, the most favorable climate is along the Amur River. In general, frosty winters and warm, rainy summers are observed here. The northern regions of the Jewish Autonomous Region are located in the permafrost zone, which is distributed fragmentarily and is confined mainly to the mountainous part of the region.

Winter in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins in late October - early November and lasts until the end of March. In general, dry, sunny frosty weather is observed in winter. There is little precipitation in winter - only about 10% of the annual precipitation. A stable snow cover forms at the end of October.

In early November, small rivers and lakes are covered with ice, the Amur freezes in late November. The thickness of the ice during the winter reaches 2 meters, which makes it possible to carry out freight and passenger traffic along the river. In December, the shortest daylight hours, the level of solar radiation, at this time, is the lowest in the year. Because of this, December is a rather cold month with low temperatures. However, slight fluctuations in temperature are observed in any of the winter months. Sharp warming is also characteristic of winter; thaws persist for 3 - 5 days.

The coldest winter month is January. The average daily air temperature in January is -21 ° С in the south, and -26 ° С in the north of the region. The absolute minimum can reach -52 ° С (Kuldur village). February is warmer than January, on average, by 3 degrees.

In March comes the calendar spring, but in the Jewish Autonomous Region it is still a winter month. Stable frosts are observed, but thaws are also observed more often than in the rest of the winter months. March is a rather sunny month, the sun is already hotter, which is why thawed patches form in some places on the ground. Everything speaks of the imminent approach of spring.

Spring in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins at the end of March and lasts until early June. In general, spring is windy, cold and prolonged, often with late frosts at night. In spring, cyclonic activity intensifies, the amount of cloudiness increases, and this leads to a decrease in sunny weather by up to 80%, compared with the winter period, despite the increase in the duration of sunshine.

The average daily temperature in April reaches + 3 ° С - in the north of the region and + 5 ° С - in the south. The rivers open up in mid-April. Winter with little snow does not contribute to the formation of spring floods, therefore, spring floods are insignificant. But, sometimes, due to the accumulation of a large amount of snow by the end of winter, and its rapid melting, or due to ice congestion, the rise in the water level can reach up to 10 meters. In general, high marks of spring floods for the rivers of the region are not typical.

In May, it becomes noticeably warmer, the average daily temperature reaches + 12 ° С - in the north of the region, and + 15 ° С - in the south. Leaves bloom on trees, grass turns green, birds chirp - this is the most wonderful time of the year. Despite the rather high daytime temperature, in May, at night, ground frosts are not uncommon.

Cheap hotels in Birobidzhan

Summer in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins in early June. In general, summers are warm and humid, with increased clouds. In the first half of summer, as a rule, there is little rain, the region experiences a large deficit in precipitation, in some years, in some parts of the region, drought may even begin.

July is the warmest month of the year. The average daily temperature in July is + 22 ° С, on some especially hot days, the thermometer can reach +35 - + 38 ° С. In the second half of July, cyclonic activity in the region increases sharply, and the amount of precipitation exceeds the norm in the first half of summer, almost twice. This continues until the end of August.

Heavy rainfall can lead to flooding of rivers, and in some years reach the level of floods. This is due to the fact that the channels of most of the region's rivers are poorly cut, they cannot accommodate all the incoming water.

Autumn in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins at the end of August. Autumn is characterized by a sharp drop and fluctuation of temperatures from month to month, a gradual decrease in the amount of precipitation. The beginning of autumn is a relatively warm, often quite sunny period, and towards the end of September the sky is covered with clouds and long cold autumn rains begin. At the same time, the first autumn frosts also appear on the soil.

The beginning of October is characterized by a sharp drop in temperature. But the precipitation is getting much less. Trees shed their last foliage, birds freeze in the forests, the air smells of the imminent approach of winter. Before the appearance of the snow cover, there is a significant freezing of the soil - 150 - 200 cm. At the end of October, everywhere, the snow cover is established, the winter period begins.

The Jewish Autonomous Region belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. Precipitation is 750 - 800 mm per year - in the mountainous part, and 500 - 700 mm - on the plain. The warm season accounts for 85% of precipitation, which is unevenly distributed over the months.

The duration of sunshine in the Jewish Autonomous Region is 2,170 - 2,449 hours, and varies throughout the year, depending on astronomical factors and the annual cloud cover.

When to go to the Jewish Autonomous Region. The best time to travel to the Jewish Autonomous Region is during the warm summer months, from June to September. During this time, the region provides travelers with an extremely varied vacation. About 5,917 rivers rich in fish flow here, therefore, the region is very interesting for those who like fishing. Moreover, the rivers also attract fans of extreme sports - river rafting is becoming more and more popular.

The Jewish Autonomous Region for ecological tourism is a priceless treasure. Relic corners of nature, such as Turtle Bay, an ancient cedar grove, Monakh rock and the unique picturesque Swan Lake, overgrown with a delightful relict dark pink Komarovka lotus, attract tourists to these places.

May and September are not as hot as the summer months, so they are great for sightseeing tours and health tourism. Several medicinal mineral springs have been discovered on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The most famous is the Kuldur Thermal, on the basis of which a network of sanatoriums operates. It has its own unique mineral springs with healing high-thermal sodium bicarbonate and nitrogen-siliceous mineral water.

History and culture lovers will not be disappointed by the Jewish Autonomous Region either. In the capital of the region, the city of Birobidzhan, it will be interesting to look at the Volochaev Memorial Museum-Monument, the Birobidzhan Regional Museum of Local Lore, the Birobidzhan Regional Universal Scientific Library named after Sholom Aleichem, which is the main book depository of the region. And the local history museum is interesting for its collection on the education and development of the Jewish administrative unit - for the first time in history, after the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem, more than 2000 years ago.

Winter months - December to March are suitable for winter sports. Ski tourism in the Jewish Autonomous Region is organized near the town of Obluchye, on the slopes of the picturesque Small Khingan. On the mountain slopes there is a snowboarding track and two ski slopes.

The spring months - March and April, and the autumn months - October and November - are the best times to travel to the Jewish Autonomous Region. The weather is extremely unstable, frosts give way to thaws and vice versa, the sky is cloudy and it often rains, temperature jumps are very high. The sharp changeability and unpredictability of the weather can disrupt all your plans and ruin your vacation.

Climate of the Amur region

The climate of the Amur Region is continental, with monsoon features. The Amur Region is considered unique in the Russian Far East. Among its natural landscapes, there are probably almost everything that exists on the mainland: endless plains and high mountains, fast wayward rivers and vast swamps.

Flights to Blagoveshchensk

In general, the climate of the Amur Region is characterized by frosty, sunny winters and hot summers. Zeya, Selemdzhinsky and Tyndinsky districts of the Amur region, as well as the cities of Zeya and Tynda are equated to the regions of the Far North. In the Amur Region, according to climatic indicators, there are four seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Each season is distinguished by changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity, and the prevailing type of weather.

Winter in the Amur region begins in early November - in the south of the region, and in mid-October - in the north of the region. The duration of winter in the north can be up to 202 days, and in the south the winter season is shorter - up to 150 days. Over the territory of the Amur Region, during the winter, masses of stable dry and cold continental air dominate. Winter is characterized by thin snow cover and low air temperatures.

Snow cover is established in mid-October - early November. At the beginning of winter, the height of the snow cover reaches only 3 - 5 cm. The snowlessness negatively affects the overwintering of agricultural crops, fruit trees, and bushes. Rivers freeze in November, but Amur, Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya remain navigable. In many rivers, intra-water and bottom ice forms, giving sludge. Air temperatures in November are usually slightly negative.

December is a full-fledged winter month, at this time constant low air temperatures are established. This month is generally colder than February, in part because December has the shortest daylight hours and the least amount of solar radiation.

January is the coldest winter month. The average daily air temperature in the north of the region is -33 - -35 ° C, in the south - -25 - -28 ° C. At the latitude of Blagoveshchensk there is the city of Voronezh, where the average January temperature is -8 ° С, but in Blagoveshchensk the climate is much more severe, here January temperatures reach -24 - -27 ° С. Sometimes, in the region there are frosts down to -40 ° C. And the absolute minimums in the north of the region, according to average indicators, can reach - 55 ° С, and in the south - -45 ° С.

February is a warmer month compared to December and January, but colder in comparison with March. March is characterized by higher temperatures and often heavy snowfalls. During the whole winter, due to severe frosts, very little precipitation falls, but when the frosts decrease, an anticyclone comes to the region, and brings abundant precipitation. Winter blizzards, accompanied by strong winds, can create snow drifts and complicate the movement of people and vehicles.

At the end of winter, the height of the snow cover is, on average, 30 cm, but the wind carries the snow, accumulates in depressions and on leeward slopes, where its height can be more than a meter. In winter, it grows slowly, and in March it reaches its maximum: from 17 - 20 cm in the south, to 35 - 42 cm in the north, in mountainous areas - up to 50 - 60 cm. The thickness of ice by the end of winter exceeds 1 m, in the most severe winters - about 2 m. In the south of the Amur region, in winter, a layer of seasonal permafrost up to 2.5 - 3 m is formed, completely thawing, only by the beginning of July. In the middle and northern zones, the maximum thickness of the insular permafrost reaches 70 - 80 m.

Spring in the Amur region begins in early April - in the south of the region, and in early May - in the north of the region. According to average indicators, the duration of the spring season increases from south to north from 45 days to 52. In spring, returns of cold weather, sharp temperature changes caused by the invasion of cyclones, and with them, both cold and warm air, are possible. In spring, over the warming land surface, the pressure decreases, creating favorable conditions for the displacement of cyclones from the seas to the land.

The weather in April is more capricious than in March. There are up to 17 cloudy days, and the number of hours of sunshine is reduced to 200, against 217 in March. At the same time, the amount of precipitation triples. For April, strong winds are characteristic, with a speed of up to 8 m / s, and sometimes reaching up to 15 m / s.

In the south of the region in April, under the influence of increasing solar radiation, the snow cover is destroyed, thawed patches appear, the first green shoots, the color of the needles of pines and spruces changes. In the first ten days of April, fields and flat areas are completely free of snow. On floodplain lakes, greenish-sparkling ice gradually disappears. At the end of the first decade of April, all floodplain lakes are covered with water. Since mid-April, significant changes have been taking place on the Amur and Zeya. The river hummocks are smoothed out. Riding water crowds and breaks its icy shackles. The earth is gradually freed from the chilling shackles of frost.

In the north of the region, spring begins only at the end of April. At this time, abundant snow melting begins, freed from ice and rivers. The air smells of damp earth, but at night, more often frost.

In May, bird cherry blossoms in the south of the region. The sun begins to warm more. The entire feathered population of the forests is noticeably reviving. There is a rapid awakening of insects, especially butterflies, beetles and ants, there is a massive arrival of lapwings and white wagtails.

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In the north of the region, in mid-May, the last snow cover melts, nature begins to wake up from sleep. Insects are actively waking up, forests and fields begin to "come to life". At the end of May, the first foliage appears on the trees. Willows flourish in the floodplains of rivers. Their bare branches are covered with fluffy balls of yellow and white inflorescences.

Summer in the Amur region begins in early June - in the south of the region, and at the end of June - in the north of the region. The Amur summer is characterized by warm, even hot weather and frequent heavy rains.

June is the summer month in the south of the region, and the last spring month in the north of the region. This time is characterized in different ways, while nature is finishing the final spring touches in the north of the region, in the south, at this time, it can be real hell, and people are happy to swim in the reservoirs. As a rule, June is a sunny dry month, quite warm and serene.

The hottest summer month is July. The average daily temperature in July, in the south of the region, is + 23 ° С, in the north of the region - + 18 ° С, in the mountains - up to + 12 ° С. In the mountainous northern regions, frosts are observed throughout the summer. Summer is also warm in the intermontane valleys of the north, where summer temperatures rise to + 17 ° C. Often, a real summer heat comes to the region, and then the thermometer can rise to + 38 ° С - in the north of the region and up to + 42 ° С - in the south of the region. Despite such hot weather, July and August bring with them high clouds and very heavy rainfall.

In general, in summer there is a significant increase in precipitation - more than 70% of the annual rate. Summer precipitation is associated with high water on large and small rivers. The consequences of this are floods. Summer floods caused by monsoon rains are sometimes disastrous. In addition, thunderstorms are not uncommon, with strong winds and hail. But, along with heavy rains, droughts also occur, which are accompanied by a weak dry wind.

Autumn in the Amur region begins in early September - in the south of the region and in mid-August - in the north of the region. Fluctuations in daily temperatures give the autumn period an unstable character. The Amur autumn is characterized by sharp temperature drops. Cold waves move from the northwest, from the subarctic zone, north of Eastern Siberia, which cools down faster. They are replaced by periods of warming, which can be long and intense.

Autumn in September is often rainy, especially in the first half, but with the onset of cold weather, there are more and more clear sunny days. The weather is dry, warm, sunny. There is a weakening of cyclonic activity in the Amur river basin, which entails, with itself, the cessation of rains. On the Zeisko-Amur interfluve, in September, almost half the precipitation falls than in August. Gradually, a light frost gives way to persistent cold weather, foreshadowing the onset of winter. Frosts often start earlier than snow falls.

Late thunderstorms can still occur in October, although the thunderstorm season usually ends in mid-September. In this month, the average daily air temperatures often drop to negative values, this period is called pre-winter - nature is preparing for winter.

The Amur Region belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. In the northeastern mountainous and eastern regions, precipitation ranges from 900 to 1,000 mm. In areas gravitating to the Amur and the lower reaches of the Zeya River, less precipitation falls - up to 500 mm, in Blagoveshchensk - up to 550 mm, and in the Arkhara region - up to 600 mm. In June, July and August, up to 70% of the annual rainfall can fall.

The duration of sunshine in the Amur Region, pronounced in the north, reaches 1,900-2,000 hours, and in the south - more than 2,500 hours. These are pretty high rates. In Blagoveshchensk, the average sunshine is 2,266 hours, at the Byssa meteorological station - 2,187.

When to goto the Amur region... The Amur Region is famous for its natural resources, diversity and indescribable beauty of wild nature. These places are so amazing, in their pristine purity and beauty, that they attract many vacationers here who prefer full-fledged recreation in nature and ecological tourism.

The best time to travel to the Amur Region is the warm summer months - from June to September. At this time, the Amur Region invites travelers to make ecological and extreme tours, as well as river cruises along the majestic Amur. Mighty cliffs, majestic cliffs, dense forests, thousands of birds - this is what the banks of the Amur are. Ecotourism lovers will be captivated by this natural splendor.

Moreover, there are over a hundred species of fish in the Amur. This means that fishing here is beyond praise! In the waters of this great river, there are white and black carp, silver carp, yellow-cheeked, skygazer, taimen, snakehead, Amur sturgeon, carp, catfish, kaluga, crucian carp. Fishing enthusiasts will never be left without a catch here!

There is also space for hunters here. Numerous tourist centers of the region invite hunters for exciting hunting. Here you can hunt reindeer, roe deer, elk and red deer, hare, fox, Siberian weasel, ermine, squirrel, mink, sable, lynx. In addition, the local forests are rich in their gifts - mushrooms and berries, delighting fans of ecological tourism.

Animal lovers should definitely visit the Khingansky Nature Reserve, which is located in the spurs of the Small Khingan. The owner of the forests of the Amur Region is the Amur Tiger - a beautiful wild cat, unmatched in strength and grace. In the reserve, you can admire enough of these unique animals, and experts will tell you how to behave in the event of a tiger, and what to do when you meet him.

May and September are months that are perfect for sightseeing tours and getting to know the history and traditions of this land. The most interesting among travelers is Blagoveshchensk - here you can visit the Amur Regional Museum of Local Lore named after Novikov-Daursky, as well as several natural monuments - the Dinosaur Cemetery and Lake Rotanye.

Winter time - from December to April - is suitable for lovers and connoisseurs of winter nature and secluded relaxation. In winter, there is much less entertainment - here you can go hunting or ice fishing. Due to the small amount of snow cover, winter sports are poorly developed here. But the beauty of the winter forest, the uniqueness and purity of the local nature will make an indelible impression.

The transitional months - April, October and November - are not the best for a trip to the Amur Region. The unpredictability of the weather, gusty winds and cold rains, snowfalls, sudden warming and cold snaps, for a person not used to it, can cause severe discomfort, and sometimes real stress. Strong fluctuations in temperature and changeable weather conditions are unlikely to bring you true pleasure from the trip, and in the fight against the elements can turn into a real test. It is recommended to refrain from traveling to the Amur Region during these months.

Climate of Primorsky Territory

The climate of Primorsky Krai is moderate monsoon. Primorsky Krai is located on the southeastern outskirts of Russia, on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. Located on the border of the world's largest continent and the greatest of the oceans, Primorsky Krai is constantly under the influence of these two giants. In winter, the territory of the region is under the predominant influence of very cold and dry air masses that form in the area of ​​the powerful Asian anticyclone. The air flow is directed from areas of China to the southeast, to an area of ​​lower pressure, located over the Pacific Ocean and the marginal seas. In the summertime, the movement of air masses takes on the opposite direction.

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The predominance of clear sunny days, the absence of sweltering summer heat, healing springs and large deposits of various muds make the climate of Primorsky Krai extremely beneficial for people. And the abundance of moisture contributes to the development of a powerful vegetation cover. Crops that are unusual for the Russian Federation ripen here - rice, soybeans, grapes, apricots and other thermophilic plants.

Winter in the Primorsky Territory begins in early November - in the north of the region, and in mid-November - in the south. The duration of the winter period, in most of the territory of the Primorsky Territory, is 130 - 160 days, and only in the northern part of the western foothills and on the peaks of the Sikhote-Alin, it increases to 180 days. Seaside winters are dry, frosty, with clear weather. At the same time, frequent thaws are a characteristic feature of the Primorsky winter. On some days, the daytime air temperature can rise to +7 - + 12 ° С.

In November, throughout the territory of the region, except for the southern capes, and the islands of the Peter the Great Bay and the southeastern coast, the average monthly air temperature is negative and ranges from -4 to -13 ° C. The number of days with strong winds (up to 15 m / s) also increases in November. This month, also, the formation of a stable snow cover is noted, with the exception of the western and southern regions of the Khanka plain and the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. The average height of the snow cover, by the third decade of November, in the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, reaches 8 - 15 mm.

The Sikhote-Alin ridge plays a decisive role in the distribution of winter temperatures in the Primorsky Territory, and is a natural climatic boundary between the eastern coastal and western foothill regions. The rise in winter temperatures on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan is explained by the warming effect of the sea, as well as by the presence of "phenic" processes here; The winds blowing from the Sikhote-Alin mountains towards the sea, on some days, significantly increase the air temperature, and therefore, in winter, the warmest regions are the southern and eastern coasts of the region. The warmest winter is in the south of the Khasan region and in the vicinity of the city of Nakhodka, the coldest - in the mountainous regions of the central and northern parts of the region.

The coldest month of the year is January. The average daily air temperature in January is -14 ° C on the coast, and from -12 ° C to -23 ° C in the mainland. The absolute minimum of -54 ° C was recorded in the Krasnoarmeysky district, near the village of Glubinnoye.

In winter, there is a big difference between the value of atmospheric pressure over the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean, therefore, the recurrence of stormy northern winds increases: in some years, the number of days with a wind of more than 15 m / s in the region can reach 15 - 20 days.

There is little rainfall during the winter, mainly in the second half of winter. Heavy snowfalls and blizzards are quite rare in Primorsky Krai.

March is the winter month. The average air temperature in March is higher than the February one by 5 - 10 ° С, and is -4 - -9 ° С - in the continental regions of the region, and -1 - -3 ° С - on the coast. A continuous increase in heat inflow in March leads to a sharp increase in air temperature from day to day.

Spring in the Primorsky Territory begins at the end of March - in the south of the region, and at the beginning of April - in the north of the region. The seaside spring is long, cool, with frequent temperature fluctuations. In continental regions, an increase in air temperature from 0 to + 10 ° C occurs in 30 - 45 days, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and in coastal regions this period increases to 50 - 70 days.

Snow cover melts in the first half of April. The average daily air temperature in April is + 7 ° С - in the continental regions of Primorsky Krai, and + 12 ° С - on the coast. The rate of precipitation in spring, compared with the winter period, increases significantly. In the spring, the number of fogs also increases from 1 to 3 days in the continental regions, to 11 to 13 days on the coast.

Frost is typical for spring. They stop in the third decade of April in the southern and coastal regions, in the rest of the region - at the end of April and in the first decade of May, but frosts are possible in the east and early June.

In May, the average air temperatures increase, by about 8 - 10 ° С, precipitation also increases, heavy rains occur more and more often, sometimes with thunder and hail. Leaves bloom, the grass turns green, insects come to life, birds sing, nature wakes up - in May everything is transformed with bright colors ...

Summer in the Primorsky Territory begins in early June - in the south of the region, and in mid-June - in the north of the region. The main feature of the Primorsky summer is heavy rainfall and fog. In addition, summer is the time of typhoons and tropical cyclones, which every year cause enormous damage to the infrastructure of the region and agriculture.

In the first half of summer there is usually hot and dry weather - in the continental part and, cool, with frequent fogs and drizzle, the weather - on the coast, and the second half of summer is usually hot, humid, and with heavy rains.

In the first ten days of June in the eastern regions, the end of the last frosts is noted. The average air temperature in June, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, is 3 - 5 ° C higher than in May, on the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin and along the entire coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, the average daytime temperature in June is + 15 ° C. As the distance from the coastline deeper into the territory, the temperature rises markedly, and the highest values ​​of the average monthly temperature are noted in the valley of the Arsenyevka River, and in the middle reaches of the Ussuri River - + 20 ° С. In the first ten days of June, in the eastern regions, the end of the last frosts is noted. On the coldest nights of June, the air temperature drops to 0 - + 3 ° С in the flat part, and in the south of the region to +5 - + 7 ° С. At the end of June, the swimming season begins on the coast of the Peter the Great Bay, which lasts until October, and the sailing and rowing season exceeds 250 days.

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The summer monsoon in July - August acquires the greatest stability. For the continental regions, July is the warmest summer month, its average daily air temperature is + 25 ° C. The absolute maximum + 41 ° C was registered in the Pogranichny District. On the coast, the warmest summer month is August, with an average daily air temperature of + 20 ° C.

The summer monsoon brings heavy rainfall. Heavy and prolonged rains can go for more than 2 - 3 days, without a break. Heavy rains, as a rule, are associated with the passage of typhoons and southern cyclones over the regions of Primorsky Krai. The bulk of heavy and heavy rainfall falls in the second half of summer. Due to the fact that the cyclones formed in the tropics and subtropics reach the coastal coast, mainly in August and September, the strongest stormy typhoon winds are also observed in the same months.

Autumn in the Primorsky Territory begins in early September - in the north of the region, and in mid-September - in the south. Seaside autumn is usually warm, dry, with clear weather. In autumn, precipitation decreases noticeably, the number of days with fogs and thunderstorms.

The air temperature from August to September decreases in the continental regions by 6 - 7 ° С, and on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan by 2 - 4 ° С. The average daily air temperature in September is + 16 ° С in the continental regions, and + 11 ° С on the coast.

The first frosts are possible in September. In the upper and middle parts of the valley of the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, in the upper reaches of the valleys of the eastern foothills, on average, frosts are observed in the third decade of September.

The average daily air temperature in October is + 7 ° С in the north of the central regions, and + 9 ° С in the south. In the basin of the Bikin, Bolshaya Ussurka, Malinovka, Samarka rivers, as well as in the upper reaches of the Zhuravlevka and Ussuri rivers, and on the mountain peaks of the Sikhote-Alin, in the third decade of October, the average daily air temperature passes through 0 ° C. The lowest values ​​of average air temperatures, in October, are observed in the foothills and mountainous regions of Sikhote-Alin, up to -2 - -4 ° C.

Atmospheric precipitation in October begins to fall in the form of snow, or snow and rain. But the snow cover, due to high air temperatures, is short-lived. But there are quite heavy snowfalls in October, when 20 mm or more falls in 12 hours. Snowstorms in October are rare.

In the first decade of November, in the southern half of the region, the average daily air temperature passes through 0 ° С, towards a decrease. Winter is coming.

Primorsky Krai belongs to an area with a sufficient level of moisture. On the eastern coast of the region, the amount of precipitation per year can reach 800 mm, in the central mountain-valley regions - 1,000 mm; on the Khanka plain - 800 mm; on the southern coast of the region - 1200 mm. The distribution of precipitation here has its own "seasonality". The bulk of precipitation falls in summer - 60% of the annual amount. In the second half of summer, the rains are like showers. During this period, up to 160 - 250 mm of precipitation falls per day.

The Primorsky Territory is one of the first in Russia in terms of the receipt of solar energy. It is really in abundance here. On average, the Primorsky Territory has 310 sunny days a year, with a sunshine duration of more than 2,000 hours. In Vladivostok, the number of hours of sunshine, on average, is 2,140 hours, in Nakhodka - 2,400 hours, as opposed to other cities in Russia (in Moscow - 1,731 hours, in Sevastopol - 2,340 hours, in Novosibirsk - 2,077 hours).

Winds in the Primorsky Territory, as noted earlier, are monsoons. In winter, monsoons blow mainly from the north and northwest, and in summer - from the south and southeast. However, the significant ruggedness of the territory of the region has a very strong effect on the movement of air masses, therefore, in a number of places, deviations of the monsoons from their main direction for this season are observed.

The average annual wind speed in the southern regions of Primorsky Krai is 2 times higher than in the northern regions. At Askold Island it is 11.2 m / s, and at Cape Zolotoy - 5.3 m / s.

When to goto Primorsky Krai. Primorye is the pearl of the Russian Far East, a storehouse of unique natural objects of indescribable beauty. There are ancient extinct volcanoes, a large number of caves, waterfalls, rivers and lakes.

The best time to travel to Primorsky Krai is during the warmer months - from June to October. The main magnet for tourists in the region is, of course, the warm Sea of ​​Japan. Every year many tourists come here to bask in the sun and swim.

The Sea of ​​Japan also attracts fishing enthusiasts. There are more than 179 species of commercial fish, crabs, starfish, sea urchins, trepangs. A good catch awaits fishermen in the rivers and lakes of the region - here you can fish for grayling, pebbles, Dolly Varden char, coho salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon and other fish. Hunting tourism is also developed in the Primorsky Territory. Here you can hunt ducks, pheasants and waders, brown bears, roe deer, elk and wild boars.

It is also interesting to visit the tourist capital of Primorsky Krai - Vladivostok. Vladivostok and the area around the city is an amazingly beautiful place, and there are many attractions in the city itself!

The Primorsky Territory is also known for its medical and recreational resources. All types of medicinal mud are found here: peat, silt, sea and sapropelic, and also, there are more than 100 deposits of various mineral waters. On their basis, unique hospitals and balneological centers are being created.

Ecologists, no doubt, will like the reserves located here: Ussuriysky and Khankaisky, and the only marine reserve in Russia. Fans of ecological tourism will find here many exotic landscapes, a wide variety of fauna and flora. Extreme tourists will not remain indifferent from the local mountain rivers and taiga wilds, steep hills and magnificent waterfalls.

Winter months - from December to April - are good for recreation in the Primorsky Territory. Usually, at this time, balneological treatment is the most widespread, because of the frequent thaws and a small snow cover, winter sports are not developed here, therefore, in winter it is better to just relax and enjoy the winter landscapes here.

Not the best time to travel to Primorsky Krai is the autumn months - September and November, and the spring months - April and May. Spring is long and unpredictable, autumn is windy and cold, it is very difficult to predict the weather during these months. It is unlikely that you will experience the pleasure of contemplating the beauty of the region's nature in inclement weather.

Tours to the Far East – specials of the day

The Far East occupies more than one third of Russia and includes three regions - Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk, three regions - Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Jewish Autonomous Region.

Due to its remoteness from the European part of Russia, it is often called the end of the world. Indeed, these places are very different from other regions of the country and have a special flavor, unique flora and fauna, a kind of relief and a specific climate.

Climate of the Far East (Khabarovsk) by months:

The main feature of the Far Eastern climate is its diversity. The impressive length of the territory determines its change from a sharply continental type in the central and Kolyma regions of the Magadan region to a monsoon in the south. The average annual temperature in the Far East varies from -10 ° С in the north and up to + 6 ° С in the southern territories.

The precipitation is also characterized by a large spread - from 200 mm. per year in the north and up to 1000 mm. on South. The Far Eastern air is humid throughout the entire territory: the relative humidity here is not less than 65%, in some regions its value exceeds 95%.

Spring

Spring in the southern part of the Far East begins in mid-April, and in the northern - closer to May. Usually it is arid in nature, this is due to low rainfall and poor snow cover.

River floods and floods are observed only in the northern regions, where snow melts quickly and intensively. Daytime temperatures range from + 5 ° C to + 15 ° C. In the northern part, daylight hours are significantly lengthened.

Summer

In the Far East, summer comes slowly, gradually. The first warm days fall in late May and early June. The coastal areas are significantly influenced by the Pacific Ocean - marine and continental air masses form a warm summer monsoon. The average temperature in July is + 19 ° С.

In areas remote from the sea, summer is hotter - the thermometer rises to + 25..30 ° С. The coldest summer on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands, where the temperature does not rise above + 15 ° C, is dominated by rain and fog. Often, heavy rainstorms, hurricanes and typhoons hit coastal areas.

In the Magadan region, the time of white nights begins, when the duration of daylight hours can be more than 18 hours.

Autumn

The transition month from summer to autumn is August. The average daily temperature during the month ranges from + 8 ° C to + 16 ° C. September in the Far East is characterized by rainy but moderately warm weather.

At the same time, the first snow falls in the continental regions. At the end of October-November, a permanent snow cover forms in most of the Far Eastern territory, rivers and lakes freeze.

Winter

Winter comes to the Far East at the end of November. The average January temperature is about -22 ° C .. -24 ° C. The warmest and shortest winter is in the seaside, on Kamchatka and on Sakhalin Island, the most severe in the Magadan Region and on the Amur. In these places, January frosts can reach -50 ° C.

In Primorye, the snow cover is poor, while in Kamchatka and the Magadan region, it can reach up to 3 meters in height.

General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

From a geographical point of view, the Far East is the most remote point in the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amurskaya Oblast,
• Sakhalin region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. Climatic differences between the north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of the northern part of Asia, as well as the complex mountainous relief.

In winter, cold air streams rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian maximum.

In the northeast, the continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with the warm sea air. The result of this interaction is cyclones that carry abundant precipitation.

Remark 1

Snow, which falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin, can reach a height of 6 m.

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In the summer, the Far East is characterized by monsoon rains, which are a consequence of the interaction of sea air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, so the Amur River floods not in spring, but in summer.

The moderate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. January temperature averages -22 ... -24 degrees.

In Southern Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

A warm humid monsoon starts blowing from the ocean in the month of June and a warm but rainy and windy weather sets in.

The first half of summer is cloudy with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and average temperatures of +17, +22 degrees are kept almost until October.

In the interior regions, precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and Primorye.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean is located in the arctic climate zone. The territory receives a small amount of solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer temperatures are 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation falls here 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ridges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

Temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter and +12 degrees in summer. Annual precipitation is 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

The sharply continental climate of the temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - this is the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Plateau. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Annual precipitation is 300-500 mm.

Chukotka climate

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climatic zone. Its coastline is in the maritime climate region, and the inland regions lie in the continental climate region.

Chukotka is characterized by a complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. Much of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much more severe than in neighboring Alaska.

Winter is long and windy in the east, and very cold in the west. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, for example, during the day, atmospheric pressure drops are 50 Mbar, and winter temperature drops are -30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures throughout the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. The harsh winter period lasts 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

The daily temperature of the coldest winter month, January, varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. The Northern Lights are often seen in winter.

Daylight hours begin to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes in early June, with which come powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fog.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, starting from mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent weather changes associated with the interaction of circulation factors - a low pressure is established over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daytime temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the Chukchi Sea coast, the daytime temperature does not rise above +5 degrees. There are also exceptions - hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees can come in the interior.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, the daytime temperature ranges from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun warms less, the tundra turns yellow.

Autumn lasts about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation falls here about 500-700 mm and most of them are on the coast.

Climate of Primorsky Territory

Primorye is located within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, it is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand, by the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. On these days, the daytime temperature can rise to + 7 ... + 12 degrees.

With the exception of the southern coast in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, so the southern and eastern coasts are warmer in winter.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum was registered here in the Krasnoarmeysky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation occurs in the second half of winter, but there are few of them.

The air temperature in March is -4 ... -9 degrees, on the coast -1 ... -3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with abundant rainfall. July temperature +25 degrees and an absolute maximum of +41 was registered in the Pogranichny district.

On the coast and the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the June daytime temperature is +15 degrees. With distance from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoons and it can rain without interruption for 2-3 days.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather is warm and dry. The daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

Introduction

2. Climate of the Amuro-Primorsky region

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. Climate of the northern region

5. Climate of Kamchatka

6. Climate of Sakhalin Island

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical state of the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. The most important for human life and economic activity are the following: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, blizzards, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are in close mutual connection with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and changeable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, determined by the physical processes occurring in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called weather.

Observations of the weather over a long-term period allow us to determine the climate of a given area. Climate is a regular sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activities also have a certain influence on the climate, since they can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

Very often the concepts of "weather" and "climate" are confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime means not only the prevailing weather conditions, but also generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions for the formation of climate and the climatic regime of different countries and regions is called climatology. Climatology examines the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. She studies the patterns in the distribution on the surface of the globe of various meteorological phenomena and types of climate, as well as resolving issues related to climate change under the influence of man.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The Far Eastern region covers the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This region also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. The mixed forest subzone occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, with the northern border of the Albazino - Blagoveshchensk line, up to 50 ° N. NS.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental one, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to the high pressure over the mainland in winter and low pressure in summer, monsoon circulation dominates.

During the summer period, when the monsoon is blowing, the baric relief over this territory is of such a character that it can be considered as a low pressure trough running along the sea coast, at some varying distance, with cyclones passing along it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoon as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

OG Sarochan believes that the monsoon as a complex phenomenon consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most easily revealed by the example of the general summer monsoon.

The primary monsoon, a smaller-scale monsoon that occurs between land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems occurring in late spring and early summer (highs in the seas of temperate latitudes and a minimum in the coastal region, mainly due to thermal reasons), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents - Asia and the greatest of the oceans - the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with large-order pressure systems such as the Pacific Maximum and the Asian Depression (in summer).

The study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, representing the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of the increased pretropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west to the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The monsoon, associated with the low pressure belt, gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoon. Near Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of uplands. Here their maximum lags behind, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoon precipitation, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Names of point Height of stations (in m) Air temperature Relative air humidity Average annual cloudiness (in%) Precipitation (in mm) Number of days with precipitation Humidification coefficient of the coldest month of the warmest month Average annual average annual average of the driest month Annual sum of the summer winter of the Markov Sea10-2922,714 , 9 --- 43124717-1.09 Blagoveshchensk 134-2421-0.17056485233465490.82 Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky10-18170.4 --- 54618078-1.68Klyuchevskoe30-1815-1.677-4591551241101.43 Bolsheretsk10-1312-1.2 --- 525209511313.10

In general, the monsoon climate of the Far Eastern region is characterized by cold, dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10 ° in the north to + 6 ° in the south, annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (in Kamchatka - up to 1000 mm), the relative humidity is above 65% all year round (tab. 1).

The Far Eastern region receives less heat than it should be geographically located. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer, secondly, in the influence of the huge Asian continent with its harsh winters, and thirdly, in the action of summer winds from the seas, causing great cloudiness (60 - 70%). In winter, the heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the pressure gradient is large), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptional dryness and clarity: the atmosphere along the path of air currents. In summer, temperate marine air flows inland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ridges receive a lot of rainfall. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although maritime temperate air (summer monsoon) prevails, as soon as it passes through the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather in this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXII1,20,60,70,51,31,33,53,54,23,62,01,3

The area of ​​typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of ​​Japan, reaching the Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriisk line. In terms of their magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 - 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5-6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared to the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is greater. The climate of these areas with ice-free ports is milder and warmer. Here, at any time of the year, tropical air can be noted.

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime - in May, in the north - in September and June, respectively. A characteristic feature of the Far Eastern monsoons is the lagging of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast to the interior of the country increases. In winter, the wind prevails from the northwest and north, in summer - from the southeast or east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind directions and precipitation, but also in the annual variation of relative humidity with two maxima (in summer and winter) and two minima (in spring and autumn). In summer, there are more cloudy and fewer clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

Climate of the Amuro-Primorsky District

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoon character. In Voroshilov, the winds in the southern quarter are 53% in the summer, only 8% in the winter, 6% in the northern quarter in the summer, and 20% in the winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, that is, 65% of the annual amount, in winter, only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December the maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90 - 95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are less than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to high cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

For every 100 m of uplift in Sikhote-Alin, the annual amount of precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350 - 450 m high, are covered on clear days with clouds and fog. The coast with the highest amount of precipitation has fewer days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation per year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, the air masses here leave almost all precipitation, and the whole process is intense; and the remnants of moisture on the western slope are cooled by a cold current and fall out in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter at higher elevations is greater, therefore the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

Climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling effect of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with its ice for 10 - 11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk is 25.2 ° (in Leningrad, which lies at almost the same latitude, -7.6 °).

The monsoon climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by a large continentality in winter, cool sea summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, the south and southeast wind prevails, in winter, northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in the summer, the highest in the winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwestern winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6 °), summer (from +12 to + 18 °) and winter (from -20 to -24 °) along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with the relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk + 12.5 °, in Ayan + 17.0 °. A.I. Voeikov.

In general, the differences in the thermal regime of the Okhotsk coast depend to a large extent on the degree of the coastline protruding into the sea, the direction of the coastline, the proximity of the mountains, etc. Autumn cooling occurs early: frosts are observed since mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, little snow, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts persist in May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calm. Autumn lasts only 1 1/2 - 2 months.

Climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from the Shelikhov Bay to the Chukotka Peninsula) is characterized by a less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. In the coastal zone, northeastern winds prevail, within the region, northerly winds blowing with great constancy. The average wind speed decreases towards the interior of the region. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5 - 6.0 ° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the Aleutian minimum, precipitation is higher on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trench, the decrease in precipitation pressure inside the mainland part of the region is greater than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to the humid eastern winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs block the sun; inside the district on such days there is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the heights remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only low-growing shrubs, sometimes turning into real tundra. However, such a summer landscape does not last long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so that nothing can be seen at 10 - 12 m. Snowstorms sometimes last 11/2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets at least a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow is packed, and near rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "bottom". In open places, the snow, densely nailed by the wind, freely withstands the weight of a person, representing the ideal path. Southern blizzard, prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This is, in all likelihood, associated with the hypothermia of humid air brought north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 - 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the face. On the mountains, the snow lasts for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all until new snow.

Kamchatka climate

The moderately cold monsoon climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumn, snowy winters with blizzards, but clear and calm springs. The climate here is much harsher than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50 ° C. NS. Cold sea currents, mountainous relief, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, the sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by the mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. The climate inside the peninsula is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of ​​Okhotsk freezes, is like a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up weakly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less precipitation, but there are more fogs, the cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the east coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, maintains temperatures above 0 ° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more influenced by the Aleutian minimum. In summer, temperatures are higher here than on the west coast. Interestingly, a beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula in winter, and a minimum in summer, as a result of which a local monsoon circulation is observed, on which a general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weaken and the frequent occurrence of variable winds. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely - for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (in winter and summer) and two minima (in spring and autumn) are noted.

In winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February) near the coast, the barometer drops noticeably (which should be associated with the release of a large amount of latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by a higher wind speed and a large number of storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the north-western and western winds prevail in the year. The predominance of southeastern and southerly winds (summer monsoon) is June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m / s, summer - 4.2 m / s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5 °) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except for the north) to -1.0 °, at coastal stations - up to 2.2 ° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3-4 °. The 0 ° annual isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has a warmer winter and a more humid climate, frosts not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, a blizzard is observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour, journey from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, an idea of ​​a transition to a completely different climate is obtained. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast does not differ significantly from the inner part of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil), Climatically optimal for agriculture (according to Koloskov) are: Kamchatka, a narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, the coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the area of ​​the central valley (Klyuchevskoe - about 400 mm). The southeast receives the greatest amount of precipitation, as humid winds blow from the sea here both in summer and in winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, winter precipitation even predominates.

In warm winters, the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm.In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. Due to the heavy snow in the southern half of Kamchatka, soil freezing only slightly exceeds 10 cm, and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occurring with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by abundant precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

The best time of the year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air warm up quickly, winds are / are weak, clear weather prevails.

Thanks to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than might be expected given its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

The characteristic features of the monsoon climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), large clouds, frequent fogs.

These features are mainly associated with thermal differences in the washing seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its island position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continental character of both warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the prevalence of cold sea winds in summer and mainland winds in winter. Located in the East Asian monsoon area, Sakhalin forms its own monsoon in winter, blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the East Asian winter monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical thickness and at the top, already at an altitude of 500 - 800 m, it is replaced by general westerly or northwestern winds.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of wind stability. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient appears in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

Sakhalin's climate is abnormally harsh for its latitudes, corresponding to those of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. The winter cold is brought by the northwest monsoon and inland winds, while the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which runs from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

The decisive factor for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin is not so much cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunshine in summer due to large clouds. On average, the annual cloud cover on Sakhalin is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. A snow cover of 50 - 60 cm is sufficient for a sleigh connection everywhere. There is snow for at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In spring, the monsoon changes, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. In southern Sakhalin, summer lasts 2 - 21/2 months and is characterized by quiet and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). The sunshine is rare, fogs are frequent, thick clouds and light rains, and thunderstorms intensify. The average air temperature is +10, + 12 °, but at night it is + 4 °. In autumn, the wind speed increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October. climate far east monsoon

Mountain ranges running in the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowland, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast, there is less sunshine in winter and more in summer, as in summer winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come saturated with moisture and thus increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast, there are dense fogs in the spring and summer, which do not contribute to the warming of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the west bank. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches + 32 °, winter frosts - up to -48 °. There are days when the temperature is -33 ° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Annual precipitation is 550 - 750 mm. It is more often calm weather, less often fogs; when there is fog over the coasts, thin gray clouds rush in the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching the greatest thickness in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in early May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

Conclusion

Thus, we examined the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by a zone of climates of temperate latitudes. It covers the flat part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is being created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, bringing cold masses of continental air from northeastern Siberia. In summer, the Far East is dominated by the summer monsoon, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. In Primorye, in summer, Pacific tropical air can also penetrate.

The Far East region of the monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of AB in winter and HC in summer. For most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summers are humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

Sakhalin's climate is cool; inside the island, the climate is more continental. In its inner regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weakened due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is harsh. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summer is short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

Literature

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.

Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M .: Education, 1980.

Poghosyan Kh.P. General circulation of the atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.

S.I. Kostin, T.V. Pokrovskaya Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.