Natural areas of the West Siberian plain. Physical geography - middle Siberia. Natural areas are in Siberia.

The material contains data on the geological structure of the region. Forms an idea of \u200b\u200bthe specifics of the plant and animal world. The article contains information about large water arteries, which are classified as inland waters.

Northeast Siberia

This part of Siberia is located east of the Lena valleys and the lower reaches of the Aldan. It is washed by the seas of two oceans:

Arctic
Quiet.

The area is more than 2.5 million square meters. km

The geographical position of this part of the land, which occupies 1 square of Russia, is such that it stretches from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the border with Mongolia, and from the left bank of the Yenisei to the watershed ridges of the Far East.

Fig. 1. Northeast Siberia on the map.

Within the borders of the territory are the eastern region of Yakutia and the western tip of the Magadan region.
This is a land area where young and ancient structures are adjacent, which are expressed by mountain systems of different composition.

Minerals

The most common wealth of the subsoil of these places are: oil, gas, brown coal and precious metals. Their occurrence is due to the processes of relief formation, which continue in our days, but go slowly enough.

Geological exploration for the availability of valuable natural resources in the depths of the territory is ongoing.

The characteristic natural zones of northeastern Siberia are tundra and forest.

In the Northeast, rocks of different ages can be found, but Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits are widely represented.

In the process of forming a relief in post-Mesozoic mountain formation, two periods are distinguished:

the formation of widespread leveling surfaces;
development of intensive latest tectonic processes.

Typical features of nature include the scarcity of vegetation. For the most part, these are mosses. However, due to the length of the territories, there is a diversity of natural zones - from steppe to arctic.

The peculiarity of the local fauna is that it contains steppe animals, which are not found anywhere else in the north. Small rodents predominate here, of which there are over 20 species.

Fig. 3. Mouse-like rodents.

The harsh winter season of Northeast Siberia lasts about 7 months.

The climate in this region of Siberia is sharply continental.

What did we learn?

We found out interesting facts about the rivers of North-Eastern Siberia. Learned what natural resources are rich in territory. Received data on the duration of the winter season in the region. We got acquainted with typical representatives of flora and fauna. Supplemented the acquired knowledge about Siberia as a whole with new facts.

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Throughout the entire length of Central Siberia there are 3 zones: tundra, forest-tundra and taiga. The taiga, which occupies 70% of the area, is most fully represented. Only the forest-tundra and taiga enter the limits of the Central Siberian plateau.

Lesotundra stretches in a narrow strip (up to 50-70km); the zone border runs along the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau.
The climate of the zone is attributed to B.P. Alice to subarctic, with continental air prevailing in temperate latitudes during the cold period and transformed Arctic air in summer. The combination of the polar position with continentality with little radiation and the prevalence of anticyclone weather determines the severity of the winter period, which lasts about 8 months, from October to May. Snow cover lasts 250-260 days. Its thickness is 30-50 cm, to the west it is slightly increasing. In summer, the soil and the surface layer of air are heated intensively. The average temperature in July is 12-13 ° C.

Sufficiently high temperatures of the vegetation period, a decrease in the strength of winter winds favors the growth of not only grass and shrubbery, but also trees. Of the tree species, Daurian larch dominates here. In the vegetation cover of the forest-tundra, shrubberies from lean birch, alder, and willow prevail. Trees are scattered in single specimens or groups.
The taiga zone stretches from north to south for more than 2000 km from the northern edge of the Central Siberian plateau.

The specific features of the Central Siberian taiga, which sharply distinguish it from the taiga of Western Siberia, are the sharply continental climate and almost ubiquitous distribution of permafrost, slight swamping, and the prevalence of monotonous deciduous taiga and permafrost-taiga soils.
The climate of the zone is sharply continental, with severe little snowy winters and moderately warm and cool, moderately humid summers. Cold winters with persistent and severe frosts lasts 7-8 months. The most precipitation falls on the western slopes of the Central Siberian plateau, which contributes to the formation of snow cover with a thickness of up to 70-80 cm. The relief and atmospheric circulation features determine the colorful distribution of precipitation in the zone.

Zonal taiga soils are permafrost and taiga. In the central part of the taiga, the closeness of the tree layer and the height of the trees increase. In the understory, in addition to shrubs, birch trees, bird cherry, mountain ash, elderberry, juniper, and honeysuckle are found. Grass-moss cover is typically taiga. Acid permafrost-taiga soils develop under forests. In the southern taiga, the diversity of coniferous forests is increasing. Intrazonal differences related to the nature of the lithogenic base are clearly traced in the taiga zone.

The distribution of forests throughout the territory is most affected by an increase in the severity of winter and a decrease in the thickness of snow cover from west to east. In this regard, in the Yenisei part, dark coniferous spruce-cedar forests predominate. To the east, they are replaced by dark coniferous-larch and pine-larch.

Natural areas of Western Siberia

Western Siberia covers five natural zones: tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe and steppe. Perhaps, nowhere on the globe is the zoning of natural phenomena manifested with the same correctness as in the West Siberian Plain.

The tundra, which occupies the northernmost part of the Tyumen region (the Yamal and Gydansky Peninsula) and has an area of \u200b\u200babout 160 thousand km 2, has no forests. Lichen and moss tundra of Western Siberia are found in combination with hypnosis-grass and lichen-sphagnum, as well as coarse bog massifs.

The forest-tundra zone extends south of the tundra with a strip of about 100-150 km. As a transition zone between the tundra and taiga, it is a mosaic combination of areas of light forests, swamps, bushes. The northern limit of woody vegetation is represented by sparse larch crooked forests occupying plots along river valleys.

Forest (taiga, swamp) zone covers the space between 66o and 56o.s. strip of about 1000 km. It includes the northern and middle parts of the Tyumen region, the Tomsk region, the northern part of the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions, occupying about 62% of the territory of Western Siberia. The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain is subdivided into subzones of the northern, middle, southern taiga and birch-aspen forests. The main type of forests in the zone are dark coniferous forests with a predominance of Siberian spruce, Siberian fir and Siberian pine (cedar). Dark coniferous forests are almost always found in ribbons along river valleys, where they find the conditions for the drainage necessary for them. On the watersheds, they are confined only to hilly, elevated places, and flat territories are mainly occupied by swamps. The most important element of taiga landscapes is lowland, transitional, and upland swamps. The forest cover of Western Siberia is only 30.5% and is a consequence of weak dissection and the associated poor drainage of the entire territory of the region, which contributes to the development of not forest-forming, but swamp-forming processes throughout the taiga zone. The West Siberian Plain is characterized by exceptional water cut and boggy, its middle and northern parts are one of the most waterlogged spaces on the earth's surface. The largest swamp massifs in the world (Vasyugan) are located in the southern taiga. Along with dark coniferous taiga in the West Siberian Plain there are pine forests confined to the sand deposits of ancient alluvial plains and to sandy terraces along river valleys. In addition, within the forest zone, pine is a characteristic tree of sphagnum bogs and forms a kind of association of sphagnum pine forests on swampy soils.

The forest-steppe zone adjacent to the subzone of deciduous forests of the forest zone is characterized by the presence of both forest and steppe plant communities, as well as marshes (ryams), salt marshes and meadows. The woody vegetation of the forest-steppe zone is represented by birch and aspen-birch forests, which are found in islands or in the form of spikes, usually associated with saucer-shaped depressions, the main background being the meadow and grass-grass steppe. Only in the Tobolje and Priobye of this zone are natural island pine forests widespread. A characteristic feature of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia is a mane-hollow relief and an abundance of saline drainless lakes.

The steppe zone covers the southern part of the Omsk and southwestern parts of the Novosibirsk regions, as well as the western part of the Altai Territory. It includes Kulundinskaya, Alei and Biysk steppes. Tape pine forests grow along the ancient hollows of glacial waters within the zone.
The considerable height of the mountains of Western Siberia determines the development of high-altitude zones here. In the vegetation cover of the mountains of Western Siberia, the leading position is occupied by forests covering most of the Salair Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau and about 50% of Altai.

Natural areas of Eastern Siberia

Due to the great length from north to south, East Siberia is characterized by a variety of landscapes from arctic deserts to steppes. However, the largest areas are occupied by the taiga zone. Nowhere in Russia does the taiga go so far north and do not go so far south as in Eastern Siberia. The width of the forest zone in places exceeds 2 thousand kilometers.

The distribution of taiga vegetation north of the Arctic Circle (in the western West Siberia at this latitude is the tundra) is facilitated by a relatively warm summer. In turn, low winter temperatures do not allow deciduous trees to grow, and therefore the taiga extends to the south. In these latitudes on the East European Plain there were broad-leaved forests, and in Western Siberia there were steppes.
The main forest-forming species in Eastern Siberia is larch. The tree, dropping needles for the winter, is able to withstand severe frosts. In addition, larch wood is exceptionally dense, contains little moisture and does not crack along the fibers even at very low temperatures.
In the Baikal region, Siberian pine, which is mistakenly called cedar, is mixed with larch.

Coniferous forests cover a large part of the mountain slopes of the south of Eastern Siberia. On the mountain slopes, in addition to light coniferous larch-pine forests, there are dark coniferous spruce-fir forests. Dry intermountain basins are occupied by steppe vegetation.

Geological structure. Relief. o An area of \u200b\u200babout 4.1 million km². Most of them are occupied by the taiga Central Siberian plateau, alternating in the north with tundra lowlands, in the south and east with high mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayans, Transbaikalia and the Yano-Kolyma Territory. Here are the largest rivers of Russia Yenisei, Lena, Vilyui, Selenga, Olekma, Angara. o There are few bogs in Eastern Siberia; they are found mainly in the lowlands on flat, weakly drained interfluves. o In Eastern Siberia, there are a variety of landscapes and plant communities. Here you can find Arctic deserts, and dry steppes, and taiga, and peculiar alpine landscapes, and deciduous forests in Taimyr.

The climate of Eastern Siberia lies in the temperate and cold zones. The climate of Eastern Siberia is severe, sharply continental. There is less rainfall than in the western regions of the Russian Federation, the thickness of the snow cover is usually small, permafrost is widespread in the north. Winter in the northern regions is long and cold, the temperature reaches °. Summer is warm, hot in the south. July in Eastern Siberia is warmer in places than in the same latitudes of the European part of Russia, and there are more sunny days. The amplitude of fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures reaches 40 ° -65 о

The waters of Eastern Siberia "with its facade facing the Arctic Ocean." The Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. The Yenisei, Lena, Vilyuy, Selenga, Olekma, Angara rivers. The length of all rivers is 700 thousand km. All rivers of Eastern Siberia belong to the basin of the Arctic Ocean.

Soils Soils and vegetation of the taiga zone of Eastern Siberia develop in more favorable conditions than in the tundra and forest-tundra zones. The relief is more rugged than in neighboring western Siberia; stony, often thin, soils are formed on the gravelly eluvium of indigenous rocks.

Resources In Eastern Siberia, about half of all forest resources of Russia are concentrated. The main amount of wood stocks is made up of valuable conifers: larch, pine, spruce, cedar, fir. In Eastern Siberia, about 80% of the coal and brown coal reserves of Russia are concentrated. Eastern Siberia is rich in ore deposits: iron ores of the Korshunovsky and Abakan deposits, the Angara-Pitsky region, Norilsk copper-nickel ores, Altai polymetals, and East Sayan bauxites. In Eastern Siberia, the oldest Bodaibo gold deposit in the Irkutsk region, the Minusinsk depression and Transbaikalia deposits; Olympiadninskoye and other gold deposits in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. A significant amount of Russian oil is produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eastern Siberia is rich in non-metallic minerals: there is mica, graphite, Icelandic spar, building materials, and salts. It was on the Yenisei, in the Yeniseisk region, the first diamond was found in the Russian Empire, there is also the largest diamond deposit in Yakutia.

Reserves The Pillars Preserve was established in 1925. Krasnoyarsk region. Olekminsky reserve was created in 1984. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Olekminsky district. Animals: sable, wolverine, chipmunk, forest lemming, elk, bear, red deer, deer, roe deer, musk deer. Birds: hazel grouse, hawk owl, rock capercaillie, red-necked nightingale, Siberian flycatcher, Siberian thrush. Plants: cedar, Siberian fir, blue spruce, Daurian larch, Scots pine, Siberian spruce, dwarf birch. The Tunguska Nature Reserve was established in 1995. The place of fall of the Tunguska meteorite. Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tungusko-Chunsky District. Animals: sable, ermine, elk, reindeer, bear, fox, wolverine. The crested birds are black, gogol, large merganser, kuksha, hazel grouse, capercaillie, black grouse. Ust-Lensky Reserve was established in 1985. Animals: polar bear, arctic fox, wild reindeer, ungulate and Siberian lemmings. Beluga whales, seal, and walruses are restored.

Western Siberia is a vast territory stretching over five natural zones. The natural zones of Western Siberia are the tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe and steppe. In this article we will briefly talk about each of them.

Tundra

This zone occupies the northernmost part of the map of Western Siberia - the Tyumen region. More specifically, the tundra are the Yamal and Gydansky peninsulas. This zone has an area of \u200b\u200babout 160 thousand square meters. km The vegetation here is represented by lichens and mosses, and there are no forests at all. A large number of northern berries grow in the tundra - cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries and lingonberries. The animal world is represented by deer, wolves, foxes, arctic foxes, owls and partridges. There are a lot of swamps in the Siberian tundra. The climate here is arctic, rather cool.

Fig. 1. West Siberian tundra

Forest tundra

It is located south of the tundra and is a strip up to 150 km wide. It is a transition zone, therefore it is covered by areas of light forests, swamps, and shrubs. The main tree of the forest-tundra is larch. The fauna practically does not differ from the fauna in the tundra.

Forest zone

It is represented by a taiga strip with a width of more than 1000 km. This is the largest zone, occupying about 62% of the territory of Western Siberia - a little less than in Eastern Siberia. This includes the following areas:

almost all of Tyumen;
Tomsk;
Omsk
Novosibirsk.

It distinguishes northern, middle and southern taiga, as well as birch-aspen forests. The main type of forest is dark coniferous. Siberian spruce, fir and cedar prevail. The forest is located along the river valleys.

Forest steppe

It is characterized by the alternation of forest and steppe, also contains many swamps. The trees here are represented by birch and aspen. They are located in the form of small islands. The main part of the territory is occupied by grassy steppe. A feature of the Siberian steppe is the abundance of salt lakes.

Steppe

Another treeless natural zone of the West Siberian Plain covers its southern and southwestern parts. The climate here is quite favorable, due to which it is possible to grow a large number of cereal crops. Like other regions, the steppe is characterized by a large number of lakes. The animal world is represented mainly by rodents.

Fig. 3. Siberian steppe - fertile territory

Table: main characteristics of the natural zones of Western Siberia

Zone	Area, thousand square meters Km	Percentage of the entire territory of Western Siberia	Climate
			Arctic
Forest tundra			Subarctic
			Moderate
Forest-steppe			Moderate
			Moderate

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Due to its great length from north to south, Eastern Siberia is characterized by a variety of landscapes from arctic deserts to steppes. However, the taiga zone occupies the largest areas. Nowhere in Russia does the taiga go so far north and do not go so far south as in Eastern Siberia. The width of the forest zone in places exceeds 2 thousand kilometers.

The distribution of taiga vegetation north of the Arctic Circle (in the western West Siberia at this latitude is the tundra) contributes to the relatively warm summer. In turn, low winter temperatures do not allow deciduous trees to grow, and therefore the taiga extends to the south. In these latitudes on the East European Plain there were broad-leaved forests, and in Western Siberia there were steppes.
The main expedient breed in Eastern Siberia is larch. The tree, dropping to the hives, is able to withstand severe frosts. In addition, larch wood is exceptionally dense, contains little moisture and does not crack along the fibers even at very low temperatures.
In the Baikal region Siberian pine is mixed with larch, which is erroneously called cedar.

Coniferous forests cover a large part of the mountain slopes of the south of Eastern Siberia. On mountain slopes, in addition to light coniferous larch-pine forests, dark coniferous spruce-fir forests are found. Dry intermountain basins are occupied by steppe vegetation.

1. Geographical location.

2. Geological structure.

3. The relief.

4. The climate.

5. Water and permafrost.

6. Soil, flora and fauna.

7. Natural areas.

Geographical position

Central Siberia is located between the Yenisei River and the western foot of the Verkhoyansk Range.

In the north it is washed by the Laptev and Kara Seas, in the south it borders on the East Sayan Mountains, the Baikal region, Patomsky and Aldan highlands. The greatest length from north to south is 2800 km (or 25˚), from west to east 2500 km (at the latitude of Yakutsk). The area of \u200b\u200bthis country is about 4 million km2. Most of the country lies on the Siberian platform, in the north of the North Siberian Lowland and the Taimyr Peninsula. Unlike Western Siberia, the borders of Central Siberia on the maps are not unambiguous. Controversial are Taimyr and especially the Aldan Highlands.

A scientific study of Central Siberia began in the 18th century: the Great Northern Expedition. A.F. made a great contribution to the study of this country in the 19th century. Middendorf.

Geological structure

The tectonic basis of Central Siberia is the ancient Siberian platform. Moreover, its Aldan shield is not included in Central Siberia. The foundation of the Siberian platform is composed of Archean and Proterozoic folded complexes and has a dissected surface.

In the area of \u200b\u200bshields, foundation rocks (gneisses, quartzites, granites, marbles) come to the surface. The Yenisei Ridge belongs to the Baikal folding. The foundation has deflections: Tunguska, Khatanga, Angara-Lensky, Vilyui. These depressions are filled with sedimentary rocks, in places up to 8-12 km thick. The formation of the cover began in the Early Paleozoic with marine transgression.

Then, almost the entire territory became land. In the Late Paleozoic, the lake-bog regime prevailed, at that time coal strata formed. By the beginning of the Mesozoic, fissure magmatism began to appear, the foundation experienced faults and shifts. This process led to the formation of traps. Magma intrusions, basalt (lava) covers and explosion tubes (ring structures) are associated with traps.

At the end of the Mesozoic, almost all of Central Siberia was a region of demolition (at this time the Putorana plateau rose) and active denudation. In the Cenozoic, the country slowly rose, which led to erosion processes and the formation of a river network. Neotectonic movements led to the rise of the Byrrang, Putoran, Anabar and Yenisei mountains. In the Quaternary, glaciation developed on the Putorano plateau. Glaciation was also in Taimyr, but the vast areas of Central Siberia were under the conditions of a periglacial regime.

The cold climate contributed to the formation of permafrost and underground ice.

Relief

The main orographic structure of the country is the Central Siberian Plateau. It is characterized by significant elevation and contrast of the relief. Heights range from 200 m to 1700 m, and the average height of the plateau is 500-700 m.

The surface is close to flat, but with deep incised river valleys. The highest height of the plateau in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Putorana plateau (1700 m). To the east of the plateau lies the Vilyui and Central Yakut plains. In the extreme southeast, the Leno-Aldan plateau is located, and in the southwest the Yenisei Ridge (remnant mountains), average heights are 600-700 m. In the far north, the Byrranga Mountains extend, these are low-mountain block massifs with a leveled surface (800-1000m) . The morphostructures of Central Siberia can be divided into 4 groups: 1) Plateaus, ridges, low mountains - Anabar plateau, Yenisei ridge, Byrranga mountains.

2) Plast heights and plateaus - Angara and Prilensky plateaus, Anagarsko-Lena plain. 3) Volcanic plateaus - Putorana, Central Tunguska, Vilyui. 4) Accumulative - Central Yakut and North Siberian lowlands. Almost the entire territory of Central Siberia is characterized by cryogenic relief forms: thermokarst, solifluction, tubercles, hydrolaccoliths, etc.

In the mountainous regions, kurums (placers of stones) are characteristic. River valleys have a large number of terraces (6-9). In some places in the south of the country there is karst.

Climate

The climate is sharply continental, due to the remoteness from the Atlantic and the isolation of mountain barriers from the Pacific Ocean.

The highest degree of continuity reaches in central Yakutia. The annual average temperature amplitudes are about 60˚C (extremeness is almost 100˚C). There is little rainfall; winter is very cold. The total solar radiation varies from 65 kcal / cm2 (north of Taimyr) to 110 kcal / cm2 (Irkutsk). In winter, the Asian maximum prevails, to the north-west the pressure decreases. Therefore, in almost the entire territory, except for the north-west, the anticyclone weather regime is clear, calm and frosty.

Winter lasts 5-7 months. During this time, the surface is very cold, temperature inversions are formed, which is facilitated by the relief. Cyclones dominate only in Taimyr.

The lowest average January temperatures are observed in the Central Yakut Lowland and northeast of the Central Siberian Plateau -42˚-45˚C. In the lowlands, the absolute minimum is -68˚C. To the north and west, the temperature rises to -30˚C. There is little rainfall in winter, 20-25% of the annual amount (100-150 mm), and in Central Yakutia - 50 mm. Thus, the thickness of the snow cover in Central Yakutia is not more than 30 cm by the end of winter.

To the periphery of the country, the thickness of snow increases to 50 cm, and in the Yenisei part to 80 cm. Spring is short and friendly (May). In summer, pressure drops over Central Siberia. Air masses rush from the Arctic Ocean, but Arctic air is rapidly transforming and turning into temperate continental. July isotherms take a sub-latitudinal direction and vary from + 2˚C at Cape Chelyuskin, + 12˚C near the ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau and up to + 18˚C in Central Yakutia, + 19˚C in Irkutsk.

There is 2-3 times more rainfall in summer than in winter, especially in the second half of summer. Autumn is short (September). In total, precipitation falls from 600 mm per year in the pre-Yenisei part of Central Siberia (on the Putorana plateau, the Tunguska plateau about 1000 mm), to 350-300 mm in Central Yakutia. In Central Yakutia in the lower reaches of Aldan and Vilyui k1.

Water and permafrost

The rivers of Central Siberia are full of water, there are lakes, permafrost everywhere, there are swamps in the north.

The river network is well developed. Permafrost contributes to increased river flow. By the nature of the course of the river, Central Siberia occupies an intermediate position between the mountain and lowland. In Central Siberia there is a large part of the Yenisei and Lena river basins (Lower Tunguska, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Angara; Vilyui, Aldan, Amga, etc.).

Olenyok, Anabar, Khatanga, Pyasina and others flow directly into the sea. According to the water regime, all rivers belong to the East Siberian type. Mixed nutrition, with the leading role of snow, the role of rain nutrition is not significant, and groundwater flow gives only 5-10% (due to permafrost).

Ledostav powerful and long, the flood is very high. In the lower reaches of the Lena, the water rise in May exceeds 10 m, on the Yenisei - 15 m, on the Lower Tunguska up to 30 m.

In winter, low water on the rivers. Ice formation on many rivers begins not from above, but from the bottom, and then ice rises to the surface. Ice formation begins in October, and only the Angara freezes in December. The thickness of the ice on the rivers is 1-3 meters. Small rivers freeze to the bottom. On many rivers, ice forms in winter, which leads to the formation of ice fields in the river valleys.

The largest river is the Lena, its length is 4400 km, the basin area is 2490 thousand km2. The source of the Lena River on the western slope of the Baikal Range, a river flows into the Laptev Sea, forming a huge delta (32 thousand

km2). Lakes in Central Siberia are smaller than in Western Siberia. Most of the lakes are located on the North Siberian lowland and the Central Yakut lowland, there are mainly thermokarst lakes.

Large tectonic and glacial-tectonic lakes are located on the Putorana plateau: Khantayskoye, Lama and others. The largest lake is Taimyr (4560 km2, maximum depth 26 m).

Permafrost is widespread almost everywhere in Central Siberia. Its formation took place back in the ice age, over several thousand years.

Permafrost is a relict formation, but even now, modern climatic conditions in some places contribute to the formation of permafrost. The southern border of continuous permafrost passes from Igarka, Lower Tunguska and in the Lena Valley near the mouth of Olekma.

The thickness of frozen soils here is 300-600 m (maximum 800-1200 m). South of this permafrost border is of an island character (taliks). In some places underground ice, hydrolaccoliths (ice intrusions) are found. Permafrost promotes the development of cryogenic landforms and complicates erosion processes.

About 75% of Central Siberia is occupied by the East Siberian artesian basin, which lies beneath the permafrost in bedrocks.

Soils, flora and fauna

Soils are developed mainly on bedrock eluvia; therefore, they are stony and gravelly.

Soils are formed on permafrost. Arctotundra soils, which are replaced by tundra-gley soils, are widespread in the far north. In the forest zone, taiga-permafrost soils are formed, in which there is no soil profile. Due to the permafrost, the regime of soils is not washed out, which prevents the removal of chemical elements outside the soil profile.

For taiga-permafrost soils, gleying, weak aeration, and the absence of clear genetic horizons are characteristic. The soil reaction is acidic, but in places where pale yellow permafrost-taiga soils are developed, their reaction is neutral. In the south, where intermittent permafrost develop sod-podzolic soils. In the Central Yakut Lowland, saline soils are found: malods, solonetzes.

Vegetation, like soils, is subject to latitudinal zoning. On the coast of the sea are arctic deserts, to the south typical tundra and shrubby tundra of yernik, willow, etc.

Due to the severity of the climate, the floristic composition is not rich. Of the tree species, Daurian larch dominates, it is characteristic of both the forest-tundra and the taiga, where light-coniferous forests form. In the south, pine is added to it, and in the west, cedar, spruce. Larch forests along the river valley reach Taimyr (almost 73˚sh.) - this is the northernmost distribution of forests on the globe.

In some places in the south of Central Yakutia there are areas with meadow-steppe vegetation (they are a relic of the xerothermal period and now exist due to the dry climate).

The fauna of Central Siberia is characterized by greater antiquity than the fauna of Western Siberia.

A complex of taiga animals is widely represented here, but a number of European-Siberian species (marten, mink, brown hare, hedgehog, mole, etc.) are absent. East of the Yenisei, eastern moose, reindeer, bighorn sheep, musk deer, columns, northern pika, long-tailed gopher, black-capped marmot, rock grouse, black crow, rocky dove, etc. are typical.

As in the West Siberian taiga, sable, chipmunk, squirrel, ermine, fox, arctic fox, wolf, wolverine, brown bear, etc. live.

Natural areas

Natural zones in comparison with Western Siberia in Central Siberia are mixed to the north. This applies primarily to the northern zones. Forests occupy up to 70% of the country’s territory, reaching almost the state border in the south. A narrow strip of arctic deserts with polygonal arctic soils forms on the coast of the arctic seas.

Bare soils occupy more than 70% of the surface. Of the plants, mosses and lichens, dryad (partridge grass), cotton grass, sedges predominate. Typical tundra are common to the south, and shrubbery to the south.

The southern border of the tundra reaches Lake Pyasino, the Kheta River valley and the north of the Anabar Plateau. The width of the zone is 100-600 km. Unlike the tundras of Western Siberia, there are fewer marshes, and the climate is more continental. Arctic continental air masses dominate all year. Precipitation falls from 450 mm in the northwest of the zone to 250 mm in the southeast of the tundra. Cyclones reach only the lower reaches of Khatanga, to the east they do not penetrate.

Winter lasts about 8 months. The coldest month is January (on the coast - February). Average winter temperatures are -30˚-35˚C. Snow cover lies about 9 months. Summer lasts 2 months. July temperatures vary from + 1˚C at Cape Chelyuskin to + 10˚C at the southern border of the zone. Humidification is excessive. Evaporation is only 50 mm per year.

Many lakes, rivers are all high in water. The permafrost thickness is 600-800 m. Cryogenic relief forms prevail. Tundra-gley soils. In addition to mosses and lichens, dryads, cassiopeia, polar poppy grow in the vegetation cover; to the south of the shrubs are lean birch, undersized willows.

Lemming, voles, Arctic foxes, reindeer live in animals, snow sheep, partridges, plantains live in the mountains, many geese, ducks, loons, eiders, seagulls, waders fly in the summer.

The forest-tundra extends along the southern outskirts of the North Siberian lowland, with a strip of 70-100 km, but some authors combine this zone with the subzone of northern rare-standing forests (tundra forests) in the north of the Central Siberian plateau.

Within such boundaries, the forest-tundra extends to the Arctic Circle, and in some places to the south of it. The climate is subarctic continental. Winter is very harsh and lasts 8 months. Winter temperatures are 5-7 ° C lower than in the tundra. Summer is warmer + 11˚ + 12˚C. Soils are permafrost-tundra and tundra-peat.

In this zone, arboreal joins typical tundra vegetation.

Daurian larch dominates, in the west Siberian larch. In addition, skinny birch, shrubby alder and willow, and rosemary grow well.

The fauna has both tundra and taiga species.

The taiga extends from north to south for more than 2000 km, occupying the entire Central Siberian plateau and reaching the country's borders in the south. The climate is sharply continental. The amplitude of monthly average temperatures is 50-60˚C, and extremes are up to 102˚C (Yakutsk).

Winter is 6-7 months. January average temperatures range from -25˚C in the southwest to -45˚C in the east. Temperature inversions are characteristic. Anticyclone dominates in winter. Spring is short. Summer due to the elevation of the territory is cooler than at the same latitudes in Western Siberia.

The average July temperatures are + 16˚C + 18˚C. In the summer, cyclonic activity appears, but less actively than in Western Siberia. The annual precipitation varies from 800m on the elevated slopes of the relief to 300 mm on the plains.

Permafrost is widespread, and permafrost relief is widespread. The erosion relief is less developed, lateral erosion prevails over deep.

The river network is well developed and the rivers are full of water. The food is mostly snow. Lakes and swamps are relatively few. Acidic permafrost-taiga soils prevail. Light coniferous taiga from larch dominates, sometimes with undergrowth from mountain ash, willow, birch, alder, bird cherry, juniper, honeysuckle, etc.

In the south of the taiga, pine, cedar, spruce, fir and pure pine forests appear, with well-developed undergrowth from shrubs. Numerous spots of alases - grass-sedge meadows are interspersed in the arrays of taiga. In the extreme south of Central Siberia in some places there is a forest-steppe representing an alternation of pine forests with sections of meadow steppes on leached chernozems.

On the plateaus and plateaus, taiga is replaced by mountain tundra. The animal kingdom of the forests of Central Siberia is typically taiga: brown bear, wolverine, wolf, lynx, fox, sable, ermine, weasel, columns, chipmunk, squirrel, white hare, muskrat, field vole, and shrew. Of the ungulates, elk everywhere, less often musk deer, reindeer in the north of the taiga and red deer and roe in the south.

Of the birds - rock capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, splyushki, goats, lentils, flycatchers, in water bodies - waterfowl.

Most birds fly only in the summer. On the territory of Central Siberia, reserves were created: Taimyr, Ust-Lensky, Central Siberian, Putoran.

Geology and Orography
At the base of the West Siberian Plain lies the West Siberian Plate. In the east, it borders the Siberian platform, in the south - with the Paleozoic structures of Central Kazakhstan, Altai and the Salair-Sayan region, in the west - with the folded system of the Urals. The northern border of the plate is unclear; it is covered by the waters of the Kara Sea.

At the base of the West Siberian Plate is the Paleozoic foundation, the depth of which is, on average, 7 km. The most ancient Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks in Western Siberia come to the surface only in the mountainous regions of its southeast, while they are hidden under a thick cover of sedimentary rocks within the West Siberian Plain.

The West Siberian Plain is a young submerging platform, the speed and magnitude of the subsidence of individual sections of which, and therefore the thickness of the cover of loose sediments, are very different.

The formation of the West Siberian Plate began in the Upper Jurassic, when as a result of breaking off, destruction and degeneration, the vast territory between the Urals and the Siberian Platform fell and a huge sedimentation basin arose.

During its development, the West Siberian Plate has been repeatedly captured by marine transgressions. At the end of the Lower Oligocene, the sea left the West Siberian Plate, and it turned into a huge lake-alluvial plain. In the Middle and Late Oligocene and Neogene, the northern part of the plate experienced an uplift, which was replaced by a lowering in the Quaternary. The general course of the development of the slab with the sinking of colossal spaces resembles the process of oceanization that has not reached the end. This feature of the slab is emphasized by the phenomenal development of bogging.

There remains a lot of unclear and controversial issues regarding the nature, size and number of ancient glaciations of this territory. It is believed that glaciers occupied the entire northern part of the plain north of 60 ° N Due to the continental climate and a small amount of precipitation, the glaciers on the West Siberian Plain were thin, inactive and did not leave powerful moraine accumulations.

Climate
Western Siberia is located almost at the same distance from the Atlantic Ocean as well as from the continental center of Eurasia; therefore, its climate is temperate continental.

In winter and in summer, when cyclonic activity, and with it the flow of Atlantic air, is weakening, Arctic air enters Western Siberia. The deep penetration of the Arctic air masses contributes to the flatness of the terrain and its openness to the north.

The average January temperature decreases from -15 (C in the southwest to -30 (C in the northeast of Western Siberia. The average July temperature increases from +5 (C in the north to +20 (C in the south.

The northeast of Western Siberia is the most continental, where the differences in average temperatures in January and July reach 45o.

Hydrography
The rivers of Western Siberia belong to the Kara Sea basin.

The largest waterway - the Ob with a tributary of the Irtysh - is one of the greatest rivers in the world. The Ob River is formed at the confluence of Biya and Katun, originating in Altai, and flows into the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea. Among the rivers of Russia, it ranks first in terms of basin area and third in water content.

In the forest zone, to the mouth of the Irtysh, the Ob receives its main tributaries: on the right - the Tom, Chulym, Ket, Tym, Vakh rivers; on the left are the Parabel, Vasyugan, Bolshoy Yugan and Irtysh rivers. The largest rivers of the north of Western Siberia - Nadym, Pur and Taz - originate in the Siberian Uvals.

Geographical zoning
Western Siberia covers five natural zones: tundra, forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe, steppe, as well as low-mountain and mountain regions of Salair, Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria.

Perhaps, nowhere on the globe is the zoning of natural phenomena manifested with the same correctness as in the West Siberian Plain.

Tundraoccupying the northernmost part of the Tyumen region (the Yamal and Gydansky Peninsula) and having an area of \u200b\u200babout 160 thousand

km2, has no forests. Lichen and moss tundra of Western Siberia are found in combination with hypnosis-grass and lichen-sphagnum, as well as coarse bog massifs.

Forest Tundra Zone extends south of the tundra with a strip of about 100-150 km. As a transition zone between the tundra and taiga, it is a mosaic combination of areas of light forests, swamps, bushes. The northern limit of woody vegetation is represented by sparse larch crooked forests occupying plots along river valleys.

Forest (taiga, forest-bog) zone covers the space between 66o and 56o.s strip of about 1000 km. It includes the northern and middle parts of the Tyumen region, the Tomsk region, the northern part of the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions, occupying about 62% of the territory of Western Siberia.

The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain is subdivided into subzones of the northern, middle, southern taiga and birch-aspen forests. The main type of forests in the zone are dark coniferous forests with a predominance of Siberian spruce, Siberian fir and Siberian pine (cedar). Dark coniferous forests are almost always found in ribbons along river valleys, where they find the conditions for the drainage necessary for them.

On the watersheds, they are confined only to hilly, elevated places, and flat territories are mainly occupied by swamps. The most important element of taiga landscapes is lowland, transitional, and upland swamps. The forest cover of Western Siberia is only 30.5% and is a consequence of weak dissection and the associated poor drainage of the entire territory of the region, which contributes to the development of not forest-forming, but swamp-forming processes over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe taiga zone.

The West Siberian Plain is characterized by exceptional water cut and boggy, its middle and northern parts are one of the most waterlogged spaces on the earth's surface. The largest swamp massifs in the world (Vasyugan) are located in the southern taiga. Along with dark coniferous taiga in the West Siberian Plain there are pine forests confined to the sand deposits of ancient alluvial plains and to sandy terraces along river valleys. In addition, within the forest zone, pine is a characteristic tree of sphagnum bogs and forms a kind of association of sphagnum pine forests on swampy soils.

Forest-steppe zoneadjacent to the subzone of deciduous forests of the forest zone is characterized by the presence of both forest and steppe plant communities, as well as marshes (ryam), salt marshes and meadows.

The woody vegetation of the forest-steppe zone is represented by birch and aspen-birch forests, which are found in islands or in the form of spikes, usually associated with saucer-shaped depressions, the main background being the meadow and grass-grass steppe. Only in the Tobolje and Priobye of this zone are natural island pine forests widespread. A characteristic feature of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia is a mane-hollow relief and an abundance of saline drainless lakes.

Steppe zone covers the southern part of Omsk and the southwestern part of the Novosibirsk regions, as well as the western part of the Altai Territory. It includes Kulundinskaya, Alei and Biysk steppes.

Tape pine forests grow along the ancient hollows of glacial waters within the zone.

The considerable height of the mountains of Western Siberia determines the development of high-altitude zones here.

In the vegetation cover of the mountains of Western Siberia, the leading position is occupied by forests covering most of the Salair Ridge and Kuznetsk Alatau and about 50% of Altai.

The alpine belt is distinctly developed only in the Altai mountains. Forests of Salair, Kuznetsk Alatau, northeastern and western parts of Altai are characterized by the widespread development of the relict formation of the black taiga, which is found only in the mountains of southern Siberia.

Among the black taiga in the Kondoma river basin there is a relict “linden island” - a section of linden forest with an area of \u200b\u200babout 150 km2, considered as the remainder of the tertiary vegetation.

Biodiversity
The smallest variety in all zonal areas of Western Siberia is distinguished by higher vascular plants. On average, the flora of Western Siberia is poorer than the adjacent regions by about 1.5 times, the gap is especially large for taiga and tundra zones. The higher relative diversity is characterized by the fauna of Western Siberia. So, in the four main mammalian orders of Western Siberia, there are 80 species, for Eastern Siberia and European Russia - 94 and 90, respectively.

There are 13 species common with Eastern Siberia, 16 with European Russia, 51 common for all three regions; found only in Western Siberia - no. The fauna of birds is most diverse, most of which species in Western Siberia are migratory. According to the total number of bird species, Western Siberia in no zonal area is significantly inferior to adjacent regions, and surpasses them in waterfowl and near-water ones.

The main reason for the poverty of the flora and fauna of Western Siberia is most often considered the consequences of the Pleistocene glaciation, which was the most devastating on its territory, as well as the remoteness of mountain refugia feeding the migratory flow in the Holocene.

Administrative division
On the territory of Western Siberia are located the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, as well as parts of the Kurgan, Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions and the Altai and Krasnoyarsk territories. The largest city in Western Siberia - Novosibirsk (1.5 million inhabitants) is located on the Ob River.

Economic use (mining, forestry)
The most developed industries in Western Siberia are mining (oil, gas, coal) and timber.

At present, Western Siberia provides over 70% of the total Russian oil and natural gas production, about 30% of coal production, and about 20% of the timber harvested in the country.

A powerful oil and gas producing complex is currently operating in Western Siberia. The largest deposits of West Siberian Plain are associated with the largest deposits of oil and natural gas.

The area of \u200b\u200boil and gas lands is about 2 million km2.

Natural zones of eastern Siberia

Forest-bog landscapes, until the 60s completely untouched by industrial development and practically unexplored, were cut for hundreds of kilometers by pipelines, roads, power lines, dotted with drilling sites, covered with oil and oil products spills, covered with burnt and soaked forests resulting from the application outdated technologies for the extraction and transportation of oil and gas.

It should be noted that Western Siberia, like no other region in the world, is replete with rivers, lakes and swamps. They contribute to the active migration of chemical pollutants entering the Ob River from numerous sources, which carries them to the Gulf of Ob and then to the Arctic Ocean, endangering the destruction of ecosystems that are remote from the oil and gas complex.

Unlike the West Siberian Plain, the Kuznetsk mountain region is distinguished by coal reserves: the Kuznetsk coal basin accounts for 40% of the country's industrial coal reserves.

The main production centers are the cities of Leninsk-Kuznetsk and Prokopyevsk.

Prepared by E.A. Chelaznova

Natural areas

Information »Central Siberia: nature and geography» Natural areas

Throughout the entire length of Central Siberia there are 3 zones: tundra, forest-tundra and taiga.

The taiga, which occupies 70% of the area, is most fully represented. Only the forest-tundra and taiga enter the limits of the Central Siberian plateau.

Lesotundra stretches in a narrow strip (up to 50-70km); the zone border runs along the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The climate of the zone is attributed to B.P. Alice to subarctic, with continental air prevailing in temperate latitudes during the cold period and transformed Arctic air in summer. The combination of the polar position with continentality with little radiation and the prevalence of anticyclone weather determines the severity of the winter period, which lasts about 8 months, from October to May. Snow cover lasts 250-260 days. Its thickness is 30-50 cm, to the west it is slightly increasing.

In summer, the soil and the surface layer of air are heated intensively. The average temperature in July is 12-13 ° C.

Sufficiently high temperatures of the vegetation period, a decrease in the strength of winter winds favors the growth of not only grass and shrubbery, but also trees.

Of the tree species, Daurian larch dominates here. In the vegetation cover of the forest-tundra, shrubberies from lean birch, alder, and willow prevail.

Natural areas of the West Siberian Plain

Trees are scattered in single specimens or groups.

The taiga zone stretches from north to south for more than 2000 km from the northern edge of the Central Siberian plateau.

The specific features of the Central Siberian taiga, which sharply distinguish it from the taiga of Western Siberia, are its sharply continental climate and almost ubiquitous distribution of permafrost, insignificant swampiness, and the prevalence of monotonous deciduous taiga and permafrost-taiga soils.

The climate of the zone is sharply continental, with severe little snowy winters and moderately warm and cool, moderately humid summers.

Cold winters with persistent and severe frosts lasts 7-8 months. On the western slopes of the Central Siberian Plateau, the highest rainfall occurs, which contributes to the formation of snow cover with a thickness of up to 70-80 cm.

The relief and features of atmospheric circulation determine the colorful distribution of precipitation in the zone.

Zonal taiga soils are permafrost and taiga. In the central part of the taiga, the closeness of the tree layer and the height of the trees increase.

In the understory, in addition to shrubs, birch trees, bird cherry, mountain ash, elderberry, juniper, and honeysuckle are found. Grass-moss cover is typically taiga. Acid permafrost-taiga soils develop under forests. In the southern taiga, the diversity of coniferous forests is increasing. Intrazonal differences related to the nature of the lithogenic base are clearly traced in the taiga zone.

The distribution of forests throughout the territory is most affected by an increase in the severity of winter and a decrease in the thickness of snow cover from west to east.

In this regard, in the Yenisei part, dark coniferous spruce-cedar forests predominate. To the east, they are replaced by dark coniferous-larch and pine-larch.

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Natural zones of Russia Puzikova Albina Narimanovna The sun shines over Russia, And the rains make noise over it. In the whole world, in the whole world There is no country of her relatives! Arctic Desert Zone Within the zone of arctic deserts, Franz Josef Land, Novosibirsk Islands, Wrangel Island, large parts of Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya, as well as a number of small islands of the Arctic are located.

The Arctic deserts are barren lands frozen by permafrost and covered with large glaciers (the total area of \u200b\u200bcover glaciation is more than 55 thousand.

km²). Soils are very poor in humus. Vegetation is almost absent and is represented mainly by lichens. The fauna is also extremely poor - polar bears, belugas, narwhals, walruses, and seals live there. In the summer on the rocks - bird markets.

They are created by chistiki, guillemots, loons. Arctic - ice zone Vegetation of the Arctic Saxifrage Polar poppy Mosses and lichens Animals of the Arctic Polar bear Walrus seal Tundra The tundra zone covers about 10% of the territory of Russia and lies within the Arctic and subarctic climatic zones; extends from the border with Finland in the west to the Bering Strait in the east. The zone occupies a narrow coastal strip in the extreme north of the European part of Russia and reaches a maximum width of 500 km in Siberia.

The tundra is virtually treeless; permafrost lies close to the surface and retains moisture generated during thawing of the upper soil layer. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are arctic fox, musk ox, lemmings, white owl, partridge, loon.

Tundra Tundra vegetation Lichens Mosses Tundra vegetation blueberries lingonberry cloudberries Taiga Taiga - the most extensive natural zone of Russia - stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific Ocean. In total, taiga accounts for over 60% of the area of \u200b\u200bRussia. Within the taiga, fur-bearing animals are widespread - sable, squirrel, marten, and ermine; live elk, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, muskrat. Taiga Vegetation of the taiga cedar larch Animals of the taiga squirrel bear lynx Forest-steppe The forest-steppe zone is, as the name implies, a transition between the forest zone and the steppe; stretches almost continuous strip through the East European Plain, the south of the Urals and Western Siberia to Altai.

Forests with a predominance of oak and linden (as well as maple and elm in the Volga region) in the European part of the country and with a predominance of birch and aspen in the Asian part (called spikelets in Western Siberia) alternate with steppe areas, expanding more and more southward, where the forest-steppe gradually passes in the steppe. Forest-steppe Forest-steppe vegetation Mushrooms of Repeinich animals Forest-steppe fox grouse steppe Steppe The length of the steppe from north to south in European Russia is about 200 km.

A wide strip of steppe extends from southern Ukraine along the southern part of the East European Plain and northern Kazakhstan to the Altai Mountains. Forest vegetation is present mainly in river valleys and lowlands. Steppe Vegetation steppes feather grass flowering grasses Animal steppes jerboa snakes Semi-desert and desert These natural zones occupy a small part of Russia and are located in the Caspian lowland.

Humidification is extremely insufficient. In the desert zone, dry winds and dust storms are frequent. They form hills, which locals call dunes. The plants in this zone are hardy. This is wormwood, camel thorn and others. Saxaul also grows here. Here live jerboa, corsac, pelican; various snakes and lizards.

Desert Desert vegetation Saksaul Camelbug Desert animals Camel varan Natural zone of the Tyumen region - Taiga Puzikova Albina Narimanovna Location of taiga in the Tyumen region Taiga is a biome characterized by the predominance of coniferous forests (boreal species of spruce, fir, larch, pine), including. Located in the northern subarctic humid geographical area.

Coniferous trees form the basis of plant life there. This zone is also characterized by swamps that cover the northern part of the region. Taiga is the largest landscape area of \u200b\u200bthe Tyumen region.

Its width reaches 800 kilometers. Lingonberry taiga is characterized by the absence or weak development of undergrowth (as there is little light in the forest), as well as the uniformity of the grass - shrub layer and moss cover (green mosses). Types of shrubs, shrubs and grasses are few. Vegetation Animals Numerous and widespread: lynx, chipmunk, sable, squirrel, etc. From ungulates there are reindeer and Red deer, elk, roe deer; numerous hares, shrews, rodents: mice, voles, common squirrels and flying squirrels, chipmunks.

Of the birds, they are common: capercaillie, common hazel grouse, pine nut, crossbills, etc. In a taiga forest, compared with the forest-tundra, the living conditions of animals are more favorable.

There are more settled animals. Nowhere in the world, except for taiga, there are so many fur-bearing animals. lynx Soil characteristic of taiga Dernovo - podzolic. Evaporation 545mm, sediment 550mm. The average temperature in July is 17 - 20 degrees Celsius, in winter the average temperature in January is 20 degrees Celsius.

Humidity is sufficient.

Natural areas of Siberia

1 - 6% of humus Northern peoples of the region, inhabitants of Taiga Indigenous peoples of the Tyumen region: Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Selkups, Komi Traditional occupations of the population - hunting for fur animals, collecting medicinal raw materials, wild fruits, nuts, berries and mushrooms, fishing, forestry (construction of houses), cattle breeding.

15% lead a nomadic lifestyle. Writing has appeared since 1937, created on the basis of the Russian language. List of used resources 1. http: // galereika.net/photo/krasivye_kartinki 2. http://www.anypics.ru / 3. http: // photographers.ua/photo 4. http://www.fonstola.ru / 5. http: // yandex.ru/images 6. http: // ohota - v - sibiri.ru/ 7. http://dic.academic.ru/

Report: Lesson No. 49. Natural areas of eastern Siberia type of lesson

LESSON No. 49. NATURAL AREAS OF EAST SIBERIA

LESSON TYPE: Combined.

TARGETS AND GOALS

To acquaint with the natural areas of Eastern Siberia: Central Siberia, Northeast Siberia, mountains of Southern Siberia.

2. To characterize the typical PTK of the region: the Taimyr tundra, the Siberian taiga, reinforcing the knowledge of the previous lesson about the nature features of Eastern Siberia.

Continue to develop the ability to analyze and compare various sources of geographic information and compile figurative descriptions of the territory on them.

^ LEARNING TOOLS. Maps (natural areas of Russia, physical of Eastern Siberia), slides, paintings.

TEACHING METHODS AND FORMS. illustrative with research elements; figurative, vivid story of the teacher about the natural areas of the region with the communication of schoolchildren on advanced research tasks; frontal verification of the quality of assimilation of material at the end of the lesson.

^ BASIC CONTENT.

Zonal and alpine complexes of Eastern Siberia. Tundra of Taimyr. The specific nature of Yakutia: two seasons of the year - long winter and short summer, the kingdom of permafrost. Siberian taiga “the second lung of the planet Earth”, Minusinsk depression: temperature inversions, fertile soils. Altai - the highest mountains of Siberia, a unique monument of the World Natural Heritage.

New terms and concepts.

Naledi (taryn), traps.

^ LESSON PLAN

Lesson stage

Organizational moment

Lesson readiness check

Student survey

Check homework

Learning New Material

To acquaint students with the nature features of different parts of Eastern Siberia, typical of the PTK region

Frontal survey

To consolidate knowledge about the main features of nature in Eastern Siberia

Natural areas.

Eastern Siberia

^ District name

The most vivid features of nature

Natural unique

Taimyr Peninsula

Arctic deserts of the coast, tundra in the south

Musk ox and snow ram

The severity of the climate. The kingdom of permafrost. Thermokarst lakes. Traps. Yakut diamonds

“The cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere. Taryns, oturyakhs, bulgunnyakhs, p. Lena"

Varieties of Siberian taiga: light and dark coniferous.

The “second lung” of planet Earth

Minusinsk depression

Wealth of natural resources. Features of origin.

Temperature inversions.

Zones of forest-steppes and steppes. The latest tectonic movements. Wealth of metal ores. The altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed - from the steppes to glaciers and snowfields

^ LESSON STROKE

Organizing time

Check students' preparedness for the lesson.

2. Checking homework

At the blackboard, students answer the following questions:

What are the features of the nature of Eastern Siberia that distinguish it from previously studied regions of the country. (The location in the center of the vast continent of Eurasia, as a result, is a sharply continental climate; dominance of permafrost; the most ancient rocks of the Earth are Baikalids and the taiga sea; prevalence of plateaus in the relief).

Explain the reasons for the formation and spread of permafrost over a large area.

(Harsh climate: cold winters, short summers, average annual temperatures do not exceed 0).

How does permafrost affect the nature of the region? For life and business?

(Plants with a shallow root system, soils are thin; domed hills with an ice core - bulgunnyahs, or hydrolaccoliths, as well as thermosugal failures - lake hollows are common in the relief; special technologies are used in the construction of road buildings that turn permafrost into a reliable foundation during construction).

During oral answers at the blackboard, several students respond in writing to the tasks of didactic cards.

Card 1

From the maps of the atlas and textbook, determine which regions, territories, republics and autonomous okrugs of Russia are part of the region.

Write them to the ranks.

What are the natural boundaries with the border of the region in the west and east. Where is the border in the north and south?

Card 2

Compare the geographical location of Eastern and Western Siberia. Find and indicate similarities and differences. Fill the table.

Similarities

Traits of distinction

Eastern Siberia

Western Siberia

Card Z

What are the distinctive features of the relief of Eastern Siberia?

tonic structures lie at the base of the district?

Card 4

What mineral resources is East Siberia rich in?

reasons for the location of major mineral deposits

Indicate them on the outline map.

Card 5

Indicate the main features of the sharply continental climate of the region

Explain the impact of the climate of Eastern Siberia on other

components of nature on relief, rivers, soils, plant and animal

amenities for human life and activity.

Why exactly these edges

Card b

On the contour map, indicate the numbers

2. Baikal;

3. The hangar;

H. Learning new material

The teacher suggests making a trip through various natural areas of Eastern Siberia to the tundras of the Taimyr Peninsula, Yakutia, taiga of Central Siberia, the Minusinsk depression, and Altai.

The class is divided into groups of 5 people. Within 10 minutes in groups, a message is prepared according to the work plan of each group prepared in advance by the teacher

For example, to characterize the Taimyr Peninsula :.

1. Features of GP and relief.

Natural areas of Eastern Siberia

Typical landscapes: from rocky coastal areas - arctic deserts to tundra and forest-tundra in the south of the peninsula.

3. Development and conservation of Taimyr.

The message prepared by the schoolchildren on the basis of the textbook and atlas, the teacher supplements with some data on the nature of Taimyr: “Until now, you can meet herds of wild deer in Taimyr.

They live in the Taimyr Nature Reserve, which is one of the largest in Russia by area. In this reserve, the natural landscapes of the tundra are protected, the acclimatization of animals of the tundra of North America - musk oxen - has been successfully carried out. The Byrranga mountains are still inhabited by peers of mammoths - snow sheep.

In the Byrranga Mountains, glaciers were discovered at an altitude of 90 m above sea level. "Scientists are still arguing about their origin: is it the remains of an ancient glacier or a modern glacier?"

Vivid impressions of the nature of the North are in the poems of remarkable Soviet poets.

Christmas about the weather in the Arctic:

No weather over Dixon.

There is a blizzard.

The wind is there.

But there is no weather.

No weather over Dickson third day.

The picture of the northern lights in Taimyr is captured in the poem M...A.

Dudina "Flurry"

Ah, how this North plays!

Ah how burning above me

Diverse rainbow fan

In his crown is ice!

Probably by nature

Cold passion beauty

Magnetic Storm Force

Transformed into

He has colorful music on the lyre

The universe itself sculpts a face.

And looks at the sky in Taimyr

Newborn musk ox

To characterize Yakutia, the following plan is proposed:

1 Yakutia is the largest and coldest republic of the Russian Federation (the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere).

Two natural zones - tundra and taiga and two seasons of the year - long winter and short summer

Z. Siberian platform at the base, traps - on the surface.

4. Features of the rivers and lakes of Yakutia ice - taryn, oturyakh, floods.

Yakutia is a classic example of many years of merlot.

To create a more vivid geographical image of the Republic of Sakha, the teacher supplements the students' stories with Yakut proverbs “In Yakutia, the eleven month is winter, and the rest of the time is summer”, etc.

You can also supplement the story with interesting information about winter “explosions” on rivers - ice formations, and rivers on which steamers sail in the summer and cars travel on ice on ice, about the extraction of Yakut diamonds, etc. It is important to emphasize the great work on nature conservation carried out in the republic, and tell about the Ust-Lensky reserve.

^ The ice miracle of Yakutia

The famous polar explorer E.V. Troll called the fossil ice of Yakutia - a miracle of Siberia. They are common on the coastal plains of Yakutia, on the Novosibirsk Islands, on the bottom of the coastal shallow waters of the Laptev Sea.

This region can rightfully be called the “pole of the permafrost of the Sea and rivers, washing the banks, expose here powerful ice wedges, tongues, ice walls of 30-40-meter height and bones of extinct animals. Fantastic pictures of the destruction of coasts and mainland ice amazed not only travelers, but also local residents.

Scientists argued for a long time about the origin of the ice miracle of Yakutia. Some researchers considered fossil ice to be the remains of an ancient ice sheet.

When characterizing the taiga zone, the main attention should be paid to the adaptation of plants to a harsh climate: the dominance of evergreen conifers is the response of plants to the duration of a frosty winter, because

needles reduce moisture consumption for evaporation, which in severe frosts would be gi for trees.

And also on different types of taiga: dark coniferous, gloomy and gloomy taiga from spruce and fir and light coniferous, in which larch predominates. Emphasize the role of the Siberian taiga in maintaining ecological balance on the planet, show the diversity of its resources: wood, furs, medicinal herbs, mushrooms, berries.

The uniqueness of the nature of the intermontane basins of Eastern Siberia is clearly manifested when becoming acquainted with the Minusinsk depression.

The main task of the teacher is to emphasize the following features of the nature of the basin:

1. History of origin, modern relief.

2. Climatic features: temperature inversions.

H. Soil fertility, favorable agro-climatic resources: Siberian Italy by the number of sunny days.

To study the highest mountains of Siberia - Altai, almost all the necessary material is in the textbook: this is a description of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site "Altai - Golden Mountains", and the geological history of the development of mountains, and a description of the altitude belt (in the text inaris. 78).

You can supplement the messages of schoolchildren with information of a cultural character: about the mysterious country of Shambhala, the entrance to which is in Altai; about the beauties of the blue mountains and mountain Teletskoye lake, about the famous Srosty - the native village of the remarkable writer, actor and director Vasily Makarovich Shukshin.

After all these messages from students and teacher's additions, a completed table “Natural areas of Eastern Siberia” appears on the blackboard and in the notebooks of the children.

Frontal survey

The consolidation of the studied material is carried out in the form of a frontal survey of students.

Control questions and tasks.

1. What natural areas are distinguished in Eastern Siberia and why?

2. Compare the PC intermountain hollows and mountainous regions of southern Siberia.

H. Independently draw up a characteristic of one of the great rivers of Eastern Siberia.

4. What is the unique nature of Altai?

^ Lesson Results

The ability to make a figurative geographical description of the nature of one of the PCs in Eastern Siberia.

Summary table in a notebook: natural areas of Eastern Siberia.

^ Homework

§ 39, in a notebook - a generalizing table “Comparison of typical regional PCs: the intermountain basin and Altai mountains”.

Additional material

Altai - Golden Mountains

At the end of 1998, another Russian territory, Altai, the Golden Mountains, was included in the list of World Natural and Cultural Heritage sites.

They are located within the Republic of Altai.

In the west, the territory includes the Katun State Nature Reserve with a natural park “Belukha in the east is the Altai State Nature Reserve with a water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye, and in the south - the Ukok peace zone.

The diversity and originality of Altai landscapes is the main reason for including the territory in the list of World Natural Heritage sites.

In nature, there are no longer so limited territories with such a variety of landscapes as Altai.

In the south of Altai, semi-desert landscapes of the Mongolian uplands can be observed, turning into dry-steppe and mountain-tundra.

This is one of the unique attractions of Altai, due to the lack of a forest belt and the transition of the steppe immediately to the mountain tundra.

The alpine relief of Altai is unique. On the one hand, this is a typical alpine relief characteristic of mountainous countries of the Alpine age, and on the other hand, it, like many other mountainous countries of Central Asia, is more ancient mountains.

At the same time, the watershed part of the Katunsky ridge with their sharply dissected slopes, peaked peaks, numerous caravans and various forms of alpine relief differs from other mountain ranges of Altai and the mountains of Southern Siberia as a whole.

Along with alpine forms in Altai, more flat areas have also survived - these are the remains of an ancient peneplen (East Altai). All this also has no analogues in the world.

Unikum Altai - Mount Belukha, the highest peak of Siberia (4506 m above sea level) It rises almost 1000 m above the nearby ridges. The impenetrable northern wall - and the more accessible southern slope create conditions for climbers of different levels of climb here.

The true masterpiece of Altai - Teletskoye Lake, which is called Small Baikal, is also unique.

Pure water, mountain framing, rich wildlife - attract thousands of tourists from all over the world. In addition to Lake Teletskoye, in Altai there are a lot of moraine-dammed lakes, the largest of them are Taimenie, Multinskiye, Kucherlinskiye, Akkemskoye, confined to the Katunsky ridge.

A notable feature of Altai are river valleys. Here it is necessary first of all to highlight the valley of Katun and Chulyshman.

They flow for a considerable length in deep canyons, comparable to the Grand Canyon in the United States. The valley of Chulyshman is especially beautiful and unique.

Its decoration is also the numerous waterfalls of the side tributaries.

Features of the climate of the territory are related to its position in the center of Asia. First of all, this is the continentality of the climate, which is manifested in a sharp contrast between warm rainy summers, cold and low snowy winters in valleys and hollows, frequent temperature inversions and thick snow cover high in the mountains.

Climate formation is associated with the activities of two powerful and most active centers of action, the atmosphere.

In winter, due to cooling of land, Altai falls into the region of high pressure - the Siberian anticyclone, the center of which is above Mongolia. In winter, continental air. it brings dry, clear, frosty weather from Mongolia. In summer, it is relatively close to the zone of thermal depression that forms over Asia.

In summer, the influence of the air masses of the Atlantic is felt, which bring precipitation, a frequent change of weather.

The mountain range system affects the transport of air masses. The windward western slopes of the ridges are best moistened. The average annual rainfall ranges from 100-200 to 1500-2500 mm. The least precipitation falls in Chuyskaya.

hollow, and most of all on the windward slopes of the Katunsky ridge.

Thermal conditions are very diverse. So, in the midst of summer, the high-altitude Kurai and Chuy basins are flooded with sun, and the neighboring ridges are shrouded in thick clouds and covered with fresh snow. The average annual temperature varies from 1 in the Gorno-Altaisk region to -7 ° C in Kosh Agach. The average July temperatures vary from + 15-17 ° С in the north, to 8-9 ° С at the border of the forest and 5 ° С on the snow line.

Snow cover is formed in late October - early November. Winter is generally cold, especially harsh conditions in the intermontane basins (absolute minimum -62 ° С).

Diverse and unique flora and fauna ..

First of all, it is necessary to note relict (tertiary) blackwood forests of the Teletskoye basin. They are a kind of Siberian jungle, where Siberian fir, cedar and aspen, and often spruce and birch grow among lush grassy vegetation. Of course, subalpine and alpine meadows deserve attention, nowhere else in the mountains of Siberia do they form such associations of considerable area.

The color of the vegetation of Southern Altai is unique, with semi-deserts, steppes and tundra adjoining nearby.

Of the representatives of the animal world, the snow leopard should be highlighted.

This is one of the rarest animals in the world, in Altai there are only a few dozen of them left.

Altai flora contains 212 endemic species. Among them can be noted the Altai thin-legged, sedge Alatai, Krylov's fescue, ostracis, Krylov's birch, etc.

Of the representatives of the fauna, species such as Altai gyrfalcon, Altai Ular (Altai sarych, Alatai white partridge, Altai zokor, etc.) are endemic.

Such endemic wealth is explained by the diversity of landscapes formed in Altai in accordance with the relief that creates isolated habitats.

A large difference in heights caused various types of altitudinal zonation of landscapes.

Altai in general, I distinguish 5 types of altitudinal zonality of landscapes: forest-steppe, forest, subalpine, alpine-tundra and glacial-nival. A peculiar type of landscape is also made by intermountain basins and river valleys.