Military intelligence, methods of its conduct, intelligence agencies. Military Intelligence Intelligence is the most important type of combat support.

Territory reconnaissance is an integral part of tactical reconnaissance, designed to provide commanders with data for the preparation and successful conduct of hostilities. Terrain reconnaissance tasks consist in obtaining the most complete and reliable information about its patency, protective properties, conditions of orientation, observation, camouflage, firing, etc. This information is necessary for commanders to assess the influence of the terrain on the performance of received combat missions, and quick orientation on it , the effective use of their fire and technical means, determining the most likely locations of fire weapons and military equipment of the enemy, his shelters, obstacles, as well as possible directions s his actions. Unit reconnaissance tasks for enemy and terrain are obtained during combat missions. Organization and continuous, purposeful reconnaissance along with enemy reconnaissance is one of the main duties of all commanders and headquarters.

The purpose of reconnaissance in each case is determined by the nature of the assigned combat mission. In anticipation of the march, for example, route reconnaissance is carried out in order to obtain data on the quality and condition of roads, possible routes of movement outside roads, the condition of bridges, fords, on the conditions for camouflage and orientation on the route. When organizing defense, special attention is paid to reconnaissance on the front line and in front of it, in order to identify and use favorable terrain conditions to create a fire system, surveillance, as well as provide for the possibility of maneuver and interaction in the conduct of defense. In offensive combat, reconnaissance is intended to establish the presence of advantageous approaches to the enemy’s defense, providing a stealth approach and shelter from fire, the presence and position of characteristic local objects and landforms in the attack direction, which can be used for target designation, withstanding the attack direction, etc. .

The main methods of reconnaissance of the area by the department are observation, direct inspection and inspection of the area. Surveillance is one of the most common methods of reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain. It is organized in all types of combat activities and is conducted continuously day and night. In conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out using night vision devices and other technical means, as well as means of lighting the terrain, and is supplemented by eavesdropping. The work of an observer in conducting intelligence begins with a detailed study of the terrain in the indicated sector. The terrain in the observation sector is recommended to first be examined with the naked eye, then examined in detail using optical instruments. In this case, the observer must remember the number, shape, size and location of all local objects in order to reveal the possible disguise of the enemy under these objects. To cover the entire sector with observation, it starts from itself, that is, from the near zone, and is carried out from left to right by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. Open areas are inspected faster, closed - more carefully. In order to self-control, a second inspection is carried out. The results of the observation are made out in the form of a monitoring scheme, according to which a report is kept on everything that has been noticed in the sector (band) of observation.

Direct inspection and survey of the area are widely used: during the actions of the sentinel squad (patrol car) in reconnaissance; if necessary, examine a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, not visible from one point of standing; when studying (reconnaissance) of certain local objects (river, forest, settlement, etc.). During patrol actions on a combat vehicle, the terrain is inspected on the go, from short stops or from a place convenient for observation. Direct inspection and examination of the terrain allows us to study the characteristic features of local objects and terrain with the greatest completeness and reliability, establish the presence of obstacles, evaluate the protective properties and terrain, determine the conditions for firing, orientation and camouflage. When exploring the forest, its size, density, the presence of roads, clearings, glades, the presence of wetlands, their cross-country ability and the ability to bypass are established. During road reconnaissance, faulty or destroyed sections and ways to bypass (detour) are identified; the condition of the ground or road surface; condition of bridges; changes that occurred on the terrain on the sides of the road, and their impact on the conditions of orientation and camouflage along the way, etc. During reconnaissance of a settlement, the main changes in the layout are determined; the appearance of new, especially stone, buildings; condition of water sources (wells); changes that occurred on the outskirts of the village. When exploring a swamp, its patency in a given period (season) of the year is determined; the presence of roads (paths) and possible paths of passage through the swamp off roads (paths); the nature of the vegetation, the degree of freezing and depth of the snow cover, etc. When exploring a river, its width, depth and speed are determined; the nature of the banks and hidden approaches to the banks of the river; the presence and characteristics of ford; the presence and condition of bridges; the thickness of the ice.

Simultaneously with the exploration of local objects, data are determined on the main forms and details of the relief, the depth and width of ravines (ravines), the prevailing steepness of slopes, the nature of the soil and the possibility of movement along slopes, along hollows, along the bottom of ravines, etc. Particular attention is paid to this on relief forms that can serve as hidden approaches to settlements, to the river and other objects that are important in the performance of a combat mission. The more specific scope and content of reconnaissance tasks is determined by the nature and content of the combat mission to be performed. If necessary, when examining and examining sites of significant size, a terrain scheme is drawn up with a brief written statement (legend) of information that cannot be displayed graphically.

Military Intelligence Basics

Military intelligence is a set of measures of the military command of all degrees to obtain and study information about the current or probable enemy, as well as terrain and weather.

Combat training 55

In the interests of successful combat, the forces and means of units, units and formations conduct tactical reconnaissance. It is divided into military, artillery, radar, radio and radio engineering, engineering, chemical and air.

Military intelligence is carried out by full-time or temporarily created units (groups). The purpose of military intelligence is to eliminate the suddenness of enemy actions, to provide the commander and headquarters with data for the timely and effective use of their forces and means.

The achievement of the goals is achieved by solving a number of complex and versatile tasks in obtaining intelligence information about numerous enemy targets.

The primary task of military intelligence is to identify weapons of mass destruction and precision weapons of the enemy. To solve this problem will be directed hermajor efforts.

For successful combat, it is important to know where the field artillery, tanks, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons, machine gun firing positions, observation posts and enemy control posts are located. Therefore, the discovery of areas of their location (firing positions) is also one of the tasks of military intelligence.

Recently, in the conduct of hostilities, electronic warfare equipment has become widely used. On the basis of this, such a task of military intelligence arose as the identification of areas (positions) of deployment of enemy electronic warfare equipment.

In connection with the development of aviation, the US Army charters provide for the creation of the so-called air echelon of warfare, and consider modern combat as air-ground. As a result, the opening of airdromes and bases for enemy aviation, the establishment of the number and type of aircraft and helicopters on them became a task for military intelligence,

ab Chapter II

Equally important is the task of military intelligence, as determining the nature and extent of the engineering equipment of positions and areas of the enemy units and units, their barriers, and the degree of terrain. The need to solve this problem stems from the desire of commanders and staffs to most effectively use their weapons, use the weaknesses of the enemy's engineering support, and minimize the possible losses from the applied engineering barriers.

The tasks listed are the main ones, in each individual case they will be specified by the commander and headquarters depending on the current situation, the nature of the combat mission of the unit (unit, formation), enemy actions, the nature of the terrain, etc. Other tasks may arise during the battle, completely new, the implementation of which will require the allocation of additional forces and means of reconnaissance, transfer hermajor efforts from one direction to another.

The essence of military intelligence is expressed by its basic principles, which, in turn, are intelligence requirements.These requirements include: determination, continuity, activity, timeliness and efficiency, secrecy, reliability, accuracy of determining coordinates.

Purposefulness consists in the strict submission of all reconnaissance activities to the interests of ensuring the preparation and successful conduct of the battle and solving specific tasks at a particular stage of the battle.

Continuity of reconnaissance lies in its constant conduct: during preparation and during the battle, day and night, in any conditions, terrain and in any weather.

The activity of intelligence consists in the persistent desire of the commanders and headquarters organizing intelligence, as well as the units (bodies) conducting it, in any conditions and by all possible means, to obtain the necessary intelligence information.

The timeliness and speed of intelligence consists in obtaining the necessary intelligence

Ammunition Prepare 57

information and bringing it to the commanders, staffs and troops by an exact deadline, quick analysis and evaluation for immediate use in decision-making. The most valuable and difficult to obtain information may lose its value if it is transmitted late, notto the set time. All intelligence information matters only at a specific time, after which it becomes outdated and unsuitable for use.

The secretiveness of reconnaissance is to keep secret all reconnaissance and disorientation activities of the enemy with respect to the location and nature of the actions of its forces and means.

Reliability of intelligence consists in obtaining intelligence data that is fully consistent with the actual situation, identifying and correctly assessing the true, demonstrative and false intentions, actions and objects of the enemy.

The accuracy of determining the coordinates of reconnaissance objects (targets) lies in establishing their position with the minimum permissible errors that ensure the effective use of weapons. It is achieved by the use of the most advanced technical means and methods of reconnaissance, and the high level of training of personnel conducting reconnaissance. The data on the location of nuclear and high-precision weapons, command posts and other important enemy targets should be distinguished by a particularly high degree of accuracy.

Reconnaissance information about the reconnaissance object should contain:

Detection time and source of information;

Name (type) of the object;

Dimensions (front and depth or column length);

The coordinates of the center of the object or its main elements comrade(for columns, the coordinates of the column head);

Nature of activity, direction of movement, degree of security.

Intelligence information means all of Dénia, which to some extent characterizes the current or probable enemy, as well as the terrain and weather in the area of \u200b\u200bupcoming actions. Intelligent information based on collected, evaluated and correctly interpreted facts, presented in a specific order and giving a clear idea on a specific issue, is intelligence information. Both of these terms but Syat are the name of intelligence information.

58 Chapter II

The frequently encountered expression “reconnaissance forces and means” should be understood as follows: forces are subunits, including personnel, and military equipment, devices, equipment, that is, all that with the help of which the personnel performs reconnaissance tasks .

For the direct conduct of military reconnaissance, reconnaissance bodies are created from the composition of reconnaissance, tank, motorized rifle, paratrooper and airborne assault units.

Intelligence agency-This is a full-time or temporarily created unit (group) with the necessary means, designed to perform certain intelligence tasks. one< разведывательным органам войсковой разведки относятся наблюдатели, наблюдательные посты, дозорные отделения (танки), разведывательные, боевые разведывательные, отдельные разведывательные, офицерские разведывательные дозоры, разведывательные отряды, разведывательные группы, группы для проведения поисков, засад, подразделения для проведения разведки боем.

Observers are military personnel who carry out the combat mission of conducting reconnaissance by observing in a given sector or a specific specified object (site, local object). Observers are appointed one in the platoon, squad, and one or two in each company. They are located secretly and are provided with observation devices, communications, seasonal clothing. The combat mission is set for the observer by the unit commander from whom he is appointed.

An observation post is a group of military personnel designated for observation with personal weapons, observation devices, necessary documents and communications equipment. It is designed to conduct reconnaissance of the enemy in the specified sector (strip). To conduct reconnaissance at night and in conditions of limited visibility, reconnaissance radars of ground-based moving targets can be deployed at the NP.

Observation posts are assigned in defense and in the preparation of the offensive. They are located, as a rule, at the forefront in the battle formations of units or on the flanks. Observation post (NP) consists of 2-3 observers, one of whom is appointed by the senior.

The task to the senior observer is set by the chief of intelligence or the chief of staff of a unit (unit) and is recorded in the observation journal.

Combat training 09

terrain. It acts at a distance that provides monitoring and support by fire. The sentinel department performs its task of observation, moving in a standard combat vehicle, other vehicles, as well as on foot. For direct inspection of the terrain and individual local objects from the sentinel squad foot sent.

Reconnaissance patrol (RD) as part of a platoon sent from the reconnaissance unit. He performs tasks by observation, eavesdropping and ambushes. For reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain, sentinel squads (tanks) or foot sentinels are sent from the RD.

A combat reconnaissance patrol (BRD) is sent to the platoon by force during the battle and in the absence of direct contact with the enemy from combined arms battalions (companies). It is designed to detect fire weapons, ambushes, enemy barriers and reconnaissance in front of the front and on the flanks of its unit. BRD performs tasks of observation, ambush and battle. Inspection of the area, he carries out the whole composition or allocates a sentinel compartment (tank) for this.

A separate reconnaissance patrol (ARD) is sent for reconnaissance in all types of combat and on the march. He is appointed as part of a reinforced platoon. During the execution of the task, the ARD conducts reconnaissance by observation, ambushes and raids. For direct protection and inspection of the area in the direction of reconnaissance, and, if necessary, to the side of the route of movement, the ARD sends sentinel squads (tanks) or foot sentinels.

The officer reconnaissance patrol (OfRD) is sent by the commander of the unit (part) to clarify the most important information. Depending on the task, it may include one or two officers with the necessary forces and means of reconnaissance and communications. OfRD moves on BMP, tank, helicopter and other means of transportation.

A reconnaissance unit (RO) is sent to conduct reconnaissance in the most important direction. It is usually assigned as part of a company. Sometimes a motorized rifle, high or tank battalion may be assigned from a unit to a reconnaissance detachment. To conduct reconnaissance, reconnaissance patrols and sentinel squads (tanks) are sent from the reconnaissance detachment. RO performs its tasks by observation, ambushes, raids, and, if necessary, by battle.

Reconnaissance group (WG) is created from specially trained personnel reconnaissance

60 Chapter II

troop intelligence unit, as a rule, as part of the department. The reconnaissance group is intended for operations behind enemy lines to uncover objects of nuclear and chemical attack facilities, precision weapons, command posts, reserves, airfields and other objects. During the day, she can scout 1-2 objects or an area of \u200b\u200bup to 100 square meters. km The enemy is sent to the rear of the enemy by helicopters (aircraft) with airborne landing by parachute or landing method, in combat vehicles and other means of transportation, on foot, and in coastal directions by fleet means. The main way of conducting reconnaissance by the reconnaissance group is observation.

The search group can be assigned as part of a reconnaissance, motorized rifle, airborne assault and airborne assault platoon, which is reinforced by sappers with engineering reconnaissance and demining facilities. The actions of the group, if necessary, are supported by the fire of tanks, artillery and other weapons. From the group for the search are assigned subgroups of capture, barrage and fire support.

The group for ambush force before platoon is used in all types of combat, on any terrain, in various meteorological conditions and at any time of the day. It can operate in the depths of the enemy’s location, on its front line, in front of the front line and in the location of our troops. To carry out an ambush, observers, subgroups of capture and fire support are appointed from the group.

During actions as part of reconnaissance bodies behind enemy lines, a detachment during a raid can be assigned to subgroups of destruction (removal) of enemy security, assault or fire support, and also perform a combat mission in relation to the offensive.

A unit for reconnaissance in battle is appointed from a unit in the reinforced motorized rifle or tank battalion (company). In his battle formations, separate reconnaissance patrols, artillery reconnaissance scouts, and reconnaissance scouts can operate to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment.

Reconnaissance Department (BRM-1k crew)when performing independent combat missions, it can act as a patrol squad and conduct reconnaissance at an observation post. A reconnaissance squad may set up ambushes. In the course of reconnaissance in battle, it usually forms a group for capturing prisoners, documents, samples of weapons and equipment. When conducting a search, the deist

Combat training 61

it is one of the platoon groups (capture, support or barrage).

Reconnaissance platooncan operate in a reconnaissance (separate reconnaissance) patrol, search, raid, and ambush.

The actions of intelligence agencies to obtain intelligence information are carried out in various ways. Wayintelligence is a technique (method) of the actions of forces and means of intelligence in order to obtain intelligence. The main methods of military intelligence are:

surveillance, eavesdropping, search, raid, ambush, interrogation of prisoners of war, defectors, interrogation of local residents, reconnaissance by battle.

Observation as a means of reconnaissance has existed throughout the history of wars and has occupied a prominent place in the intelligence activities of troops. In modern conditions, the scope of observation has expanded significantly and its ability to obtain intelligence information has increased.

If before the observation was carried out mainly for the purpose of reconnaissance of the enemy’s manpower, now, when onpowerful weapons (nuclear and precision weapons) appeared on the battlefield, and observation received additional reconnaissance tasks.

No less important influence on the change in the content of this method was the emergence of new, modern technical means of reconnaissance: optical, optoelectronic, radar, etc., which greatly expanded the capabilities of this reconnaissance method.

Surveillance is the main method of reconnaissance; it is organized and conducted in all types of combat activities of troops continuously, day and night, at any time of the year and in any situation. Observation is carried out personally by commanders from all command, observation and command and observation posts, as well as observation posts and other military intelligence agencies.

Eavesdropping is used in direct contact with the enemy, as well as in the actions of reconnaissance units in its rear. It is conducted at any time of the day, especially at night and in conditions of limited visibility. Intelligence by eavesdropping can be carried out by ear or using technical means. Eavesdropping complements surveillance and is used in conjunction with it.

Intelligence by eavesdropping is carried out by observers of units and observation posts, personnel of other intelligence agencies. Separate eavesdropping posts consisting of two or three people can also be created,

to chapter II

щнх х; "it is easy to navigate in conditions of limited visibility, possessing excellent hearing and being able to recognize enemy actions by sound unmasking signs.

Search is a reconnaissance method consisting in the covert approach of a group (unit) to a previously planned and studied object, a sudden attack on it in order to capture prisoners, documents, samples of weapons and equipment, and a quick retreat to the location of their troops.

In the past war, the search was the most common and effective way of intelligence to capture prisoners. So, according to reports on the intelligence activities of formations and units of the five fronts in 1943 and 1944. 10,630 various intelligence activities related to the capture of prisoners and documents were carried out, of which 6171 were searched, i.e. e. 60%. Moreover, the search was captured about 60% of prisoners and documents obtained by other means.

The search is usually organized in direct contact with the enemy. It is most widely used in preparation for the offensive and in defense.

A raid consists in a surprise attack; "on a pre-selected (designated) enemy object in order to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and military equipment, as well as disable (destroy) nuclear weapons, command posts, radio and radio equipment and other important objects, unlike the search, which is carried out as silently as possible, the scout’s actions are based on a skillful combination of fire, surprise and a swift strike, which usually ends with a short melee Most often, a raid is carried out by reconnaissance agencies operating in the rear of the enemy, and in some cases it can be carried out in the area of \u200b\u200bthe front edge by a subunit (group) of reconnaissance, motorized rifle, tank, paratrooper and airborne assault units.

An ambush as a reconnaissance method consists in the advance and secretive location of a unit (group) on the expected or probable paths of the enemy’s movement for a sudden attack on him in order to capture prisoners, documents, weapons, military equipment and equipment. Ambushes are arranged in all types of combat, in any terrain, at any time of the year, day, and in various meteorological conditions, in front of the front, on the flanks of the enemy and in their rear. This method is widely used both by reconnaissance units and by performing other tasks.

Combat training 63

Important information can be obtained during the interrogation of prisoners, defectors, a survey of local residents. However, you should know that the information obtained in this way must be double-checked and clarified. The interrogation of prisoners and defectors, the survey of local residents is carried out briefly, as a rule, in the interests of fulfilling the task, and in such a way as not to disclose the main purpose of intelligence. Prisoners captured during the search, ambush and raid are delivered to the headquarters of the unit by specially designated bodies and are questioned there. In the battalion (company), interrogation and questioning are carried out only in the interests of obtaining the information that the unit needs to conduct the battle. The obtained data are reported to the senior commander, and prisoners, defectors are sent to the headquarters of the unit, then to the headquarters of the compound or to the assembly point of prisoners of war.

In the course of fulfilling the assigned tasks, the detachment conducts reconnaissance by observation, eavesdropping and ambushes, the platoon uses all of the indicated reconnaissance methods.

Reconnaissance in battle consists in a sudden attack of a pre-allocated and prepared field unit to master a specific object in the enemy’s location. Most often, it is carried out in the case when other reconnaissance methods cannot provide the command with the necessary data about the enemy or when it is not possible to obtain them in other ways. Reconnaissance in battle can be carried out in preparation for the offensive and in defense.

During World War II, reconnaissance in combat was widely used, and as a rule, it yielded very positive results. It provided the most complete and reliable data on the location, forces, grouping and fire system of the enemy, as well as on the nature of the terrain equipment in its location.

One of the important factors contributing to the effectiveness of reconnaissance is the organization and maintenance of sustainable management of reconnaissance forces and assets. Management includes: maintaining reliable communications with intelligence agencies; timely receipt of data on their situation; implementation of continuous monitoring of intelligence tasks; fast reaction onchange of scenery; timely clarification of tasks.

To control reconnaissance forces and means, radio, wire and mobile means of communication are used: off-road vehicles, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, motorcycles and other means. In intelligence agencies of military intelligence, signal communications are also used — rockets of various colors, colored smokes and

(54 Chapter II

lights, lanterns, signal matches, tracer bullets and shells, flags and pointers.

At observation posts, usually wired and mobile communications are used. During the operations of the squad (BRM-1k crew) as part of reconnaissance bodies behind enemy lines, control within the reconnaissance body is organized mainly by signals, in some cases by radio, mobile and other means. The commander of the sentinel squad organizes communications within the squad by radio and signal means.

Thus, military intelligence in terms of the importance of the tasks to be solved, decisiveness of goals, composition of forces and means occupies one of the leading places among other types of tactical intelligence. Acting on a large scale and using various methods of obtaining intelligence, it, together with other types of intelligence, is designed to ensure the successful conduct of hostilities by units and units.

Intelligence equipment

For conducting military intelligence, various optical and optoelectronic devices, radar stations, equipment of military and reconnaissance vehicles are used. The simplest means of reconnaissance are binoculars, periscopes, stereo tubes and compasses. With their help, scouts can study the terrain in the enemy’s position, find targets and observe them, determine their position on the ground relative to landmarks by measuring horizontal and vertical angles, determine the distance to targets if their dimensions in height or width are known.

Binoculars(Fig. 3) can be six- (B-6), eight- (B-8, Bi-8), twelve- (B-12) and fifteen-fold (B-15) increases. They have a mass of 0.6-0.9 kg. In all binoculars in the right tube is placed an angle measuring grid for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Using the binoculars grid, it is possible to measure angles with an accuracy of 0-03 and determine the distance to the observed targets with an accuracy of 3% of the measured range.

The Bi-8 binoculars are also designed to detect infrared radiation sources. With the screen turned off (in the left eyepiece), it is used as ordinary binoculars.

In preparation for the operation of any optical device, the eyepieces are adjusted according to the eye base of the observer and his visual acuity.

Fig. 3. Binoculars

Periscopes TR-4, TR-8 (Fig. 4) are intended for observation from trenches, from walls, trees, stones; "other shelters. They have a four- and ^^^ eight-fold increase, field A I ^ | vision 11 and 8 °, mass in working /\ .and position 1 and 0.8 kg, respectively. | | "| dPeriscope (the distance between the centers of the eyepiece and the lens) | I equal 403 and 405 mm. The angle-measuring grid of periscopes is similar in its design to the grid of binoculars. ;

and provides the same measurement accuracy. During operation, the peri- ospreyheld in hand or fixed on a pole. 1 | th ||<й ^

Stereo tube in its device- ^ ^ щщDstvu represents, as it were, a combination of | ”a nation of two periscopes, fastened together, 1, | nih at the base on a common hinged axis. The troops use the TR-TR-8 large stereotube and artillery “^ 4. Perp-cops of the Riysk stereotube (Fig. 5). The latter differs only in some design details and the angle-measuring grid. The large stereo tube has

tenfold increase, field of view 5 °, periscope 325 mm, weight in working position 11.5 kg. It provides accurate angle measurements up to 0-01.

Fig. 5. Stereo tubes:

a-artillery (LST); c - angle measuring grid AST; c - angle measuring ”” naya mesh BST; e - large (BST)

Periscope artillery compass PAB-2A(Fig. 6) is the main device for target designation and preparation of data for firing. With its help, you can solve all the tasks performed with binoculars, a periscope or a stereo tube, and, in addition, determine the magnetic azimuth ontarget. Bussol PAB-2 Has eight-fold increase, field of view 5 °, periscope (using the included periscope) 350 mmweight in working position 2.5 kg. When using the compass, they are guided by its individual documentation.

More modern optical and optoelectronic reconnaissance devices include night observation devices, laser rangefinders, thermal imaging devices, and surveillance tools with a stabilized field of view.

Artillery quantum rangefinder DAK-1(Fig. 7) is designed to measure the range to motionless and moving targets, vertical and horizontal angles @ and

Fig. 6. Bussol PAB-2A:

fig.7. Artillery quantum rangefinder DAK-1

a-look; b-grid compass; / - Trenogp: 2 - cartridge with electric ^ K1rol.! MPochkoD for pidvesveki mesh; 3 -drum vertical iodiod: -? - Busy ring " 5- goniometer ring; 6- landmark busgil; 7 - ^ a.m. many cups

artillery firing adjustments; it allows you to measure ranges from 100 to 6000m with a maximum error of ± 10m. Weight in the fighting position of 65 kg. Operating principle

Fig. 8. Laser reconnaissance device LPR-1. "

/-rangefinder; 2- goniometer device; 3 - tripod; 4 - SHEPNY »belt

the device is based on sending a laser (a narrow beam of light) to the target, receiving a reflected beam and automatically calculating the distance from the speed of light. The range finder is subject to replacement with advanced samples, including the LPR-1 device. "

Small-sized laser reconnaissance device LPR-1 Karalon-M(Fig. 8) is designed to measure ranges and determine the polar coordinates of the observed targets. Polar coordinates are the angle to the target relative to 1.:no any direction and range to it. The device has

Fig. 9. Нг "нп observation device ПНП? .3

weight of 2.5 kg (with a tripod-5 kg) and allows you to measure ranges from 145m to 20km with an error of ± 10m, angles with an accuracy of 0-03. Preparation of the device for operation and its use are carried out according to the calculation memo available in the kit.

Night observation device NNP-23"Carver" (Fig. 9) is designed to monitor the battlefield, conduct reconnaissance at night and adjust artillery fire. The device has a mass of 32kg, a field of view of 5 °, an increase of 5.5-fold, periscope 350mm, a range of target recognition of the type of tank 1500m. NNP-23 operates on the principle of electron-optical brightness enhancement of the image obtained in the device under natural night illumination of the terrain.

Nightbinoculars BN-2 "Relic"(Fig. 10) is designed to monitor the battlefield, study the terrain and conduct reconnaissance at night. It has a mass of 1.8 kg, a field of view of 11 °, a 2.4-fold increase and provides recognition

70 Chapter And

human figures at a distance of 300m, a tank at a distance of 600m. The device is replacing BN-1.

Fig. 10. Night binoculars BN-2

Passive night glasses NPO-1 "Quaker"(Fig. 11) are intended for observation and orientation on the ground, for working with documents, carrying out engineering and repair work at night. The glasses have a mass of 1 kg, a field of view of 40 °, an average range of identification of objects 125m.

ГтдёЙЖ? ^ _ 4 - "/^^^\u003e^.-^

Y --- ^ - d- ^ d.ai ^ | yy * 1 | Y ^ "^" ^ "-^"^\^ ^ lyat " ^^ U ? £ := " :: "^ O ^^ Y and)

Fig. 11. NGO-1 night glasses

Thermal Observation Device TNP-1

“Acceptance” (Fig. 12) is designed to monitor the battlefield and reconnaissance of openly located and masked targets at night and in the presence of smoke and light noise. The device (with a tripod) weighing 19 kg has a field of view of 2.5 ° and provides identification of targets like a tank at a distance of up to 1500 m.

An optical monocular with a stabilized field of view OMS-1 Rowls (Fig. 13) is intended for observation

Fig. 12. Thermal imaging observation device TNP-1

Cassock. 13. Optical monocular with a stabilized field of view OMS-1

Textbook of survival of military intelligence [Combat experience] Ardashev Aleksey Nikolaevich

3. Exploration of terrain, obstacles and barriers

From the book Dangerous Sky of Afghanistan [Experience in the combat use of Soviet aircraft in a local war, 1979–1989] the author Zhirokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich

Mining of terrain sections Mining was carried out by a pair (link) of Mi-8MT or Mi-24V helicopters. To ensure mining, the following groups were distinguished: cover - a pair (link) of Mi-24 helicopters, a PSO group - a pair of Mi-8MT helicopters, a control and relay aircraft

From the book German Military Thought the author Zalessky Konstantin Alexandrovich

From the book Special Forces Combat Training the author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

Overcoming engineering obstacles Mine-explosive barriers are minefields, groups of mines, single mines and land mines (explosive charges), installed on the ground, on communications, in buildings or technical facilities. Mine-explosive barriers (MVZ) very often

From the book On War. Parts 1-4 the author von Clausewitz Carl

From the book Combat Training of the Airborne Forces [Universal Soldier] the author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

From the book How can Russia defeat America? the author Markin Andrey Vladimirovich

31. Terrain conditions Terrain conditions, under which of course both the terrain itself and the soil, could, strictly speaking, have no effect if the battle was fought on a completely flat plain devoid of any structures. In the steppe regions this is really

From the book Textbook of Survival of Military Intelligence [Combat Experience] the author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

Orienteering In order not to get lost and not to go astray, the fighter must always know where he is. To do this, he must be able to navigate the terrain, i.e., find directions to the cardinal directions (north, south, east and west) and determine his

From the book Basic Training of Special Forces [Extreme Survival] the author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

From the book Science and Technology in Modern Wars the author Pokrovsky George Iosifovich

Overcoming wire fences Wire fences are most often used to enclose objects. This type of obstacles is also widely used as anti-personnel obstacles in the engineering equipment of defensive lines (areas,

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The obstacle lines after the breakthrough of the Allies through them. The German obstacle lines (minefields, anti-tank bullet lines, even adapted as obstacles to the chain of funnels from explosive bombs, which were also mined) retained their

From the author’s book

2.3. Overcoming obstacles Jumping, climbing, climbing, and other methods are used to overcome obstacles and obstacles. Jumping over obstacles is most often used by scouts in places where their movements are hidden from the enemy, and with active actions

From the author’s book

3.7. Reconnaissance of engineering barriers Reconnaissance of mine-explosive barriers, as well as other non-explosive barriers, is one of the most important tasks in the engineering support of combat. The reconnaissance of mine explosive barriers is carried out by air and ground photography,

From the author’s book

Overcoming engineering obstacles Mine-explosive barriers are minefields, groups of mines, single mines and land mines (explosive charges) installed on the ground, on communications, in buildings or technical facilities. Mine-explosive barriers (MVZ) very often

From the author’s book

Orienteering In order not to get lost and not to go astray, the fighter must always know where he is, for this he must be able to navigate the terrain, that is, find directions to the cardinal directions (north, south, east and west) and define your

From the author’s book

VII. MEASURES FOR OVERCOMING BARRIERS - demining, decontamination and degassing Barrier facilities have the appropriate counteraction technique - means of overcoming barriers, that is, means of clearing, decontamination and degassing. Here you can before

Textbook of survival of military intelligence [Combat experience] Ardashev Aleksey Nikolaevich

Military Intelligence Basics

Military intelligence is a set of measures of the military command of all degrees to obtain and study information about the current or probable enemy, as well as terrain and weather. In the interests of successful combat, the forces and means of units, units and formations conduct tactical reconnaissance. It is divided into military, artillery, radar, radio and radio engineering, engineering, chemical and air. Military intelligence includes the organization of intelligence, its conduct and information work.

Military intelligence should establish the location and nature of the enemy’s actions, their strength and composition, the numbering of units and subunits, their combat effectiveness and intentions. This task is constant and characteristic of all types of military operations. Without its solution, not only the successful conduct of the battle is impossible, but also its organization and planning. Commanders of all degrees are primarily interested in where the enemy is, what are his strengths and what he does, what and where he has strengths and weaknesses, what are his plans for the upcoming military operations. The primary task of military intelligence is to identify weapons of mass destruction and precision weapons of the enemy. Its main efforts are directed toward solving this problem. For successful combat, it is important to know where the field artillery, tanks, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons, machine gun firing positions, observation posts and enemy control posts are located. Therefore, the discovery of areas of their location (firing positions) is also one of the tasks of military intelligence. Recently, in the conduct of hostilities, electronic warfare equipment has become widely used. Based on this, a military intelligence task arose, such as identifying areas (positions) of deployment of enemy electronic warfare equipment. Equally important is the task of military intelligence, as determining the nature and extent of the engineering equipment of positions and areas of the enemy units and units, their barriers, and the degree of terrain. The need to solve this problem stems from the desire of commanders and staffs to most effectively use their weapons, use the weaknesses of the enemy's engineering support, and minimize the possible losses from the applied engineering barriers.

The most important task facing military intelligence has always been and remains the task of identifying new means of armed struggle, methods and methods of warfare. This task is especially relevant at the present time, when the very nature of combined arms combat eliminates the stereotypical conduct of it, and makes it necessary to constantly improve the methods of combat use of equipment and weapons. The tasks listed are the main ones, in each individual case they will be specified by the commander and headquarters depending on the current situation, the nature of the combat mission of the unit (unit, formation), enemy actions, the nature of the terrain, etc. Other tasks may arise during the battle, completely new, the implementation of which will require the allocation of additional forces and means of reconnaissance, the transfer of its main efforts from one direction to another.

Intelligence information is understood to mean all information that to some extent characterizes the current or probable enemy, as well as the terrain and weather in the area of \u200b\u200bupcoming actions. Intelligent information based on collected, evaluated and correctly interpreted facts, presented in a specific order and giving a clear idea on a particular issue, is intelligence information. Both of these terms are called intelligence information. The frequently encountered expression “reconnaissance forces and means” should be understood as follows: forces are units that include personnel, and means are military equipment, devices, equipment, that is, all that with the help of which personnel performs reconnaissance tasks. For the direct conduct of military intelligence, reconnaissance bodies are created from the reconnaissance, tank, motorized rifle, paratrooper and airborne assault units. An intelligence agency is a full-time or temporarily created unit (group) with the necessary means, designed to perform certain intelligence tasks.

Military intelligence agencies include observers, observation posts, sentinel squads (tanks), reconnaissance, combat reconnaissance, separate reconnaissance, officer reconnaissance patrols, reconnaissance units, reconnaissance groups, search groups, ambushes, units for combat reconnaissance. Observers are military personnel who carry out the combat mission of conducting reconnaissance by observing in a given sector or a specific specified object (site, local object). Observers are appointed one in the platoon, squad, and one or two in each company. They are located secretly and are provided with observation devices, communications, seasonal clothing. The combat mission is set for the observer by the unit commander from whom he is appointed. An observation post is a group of military personnel designated for observation with personal weapons, observation devices, necessary documents, and communications equipment. It is designed to conduct reconnaissance of the enemy in the specified sector (strip). To conduct reconnaissance at night and in conditions of limited visibility, reconnaissance radars of ground-based moving targets can be deployed at the NP. Observation posts are assigned in defense and in the preparation of the offensive. They are located, as a rule, at the forefront in the battle formations of units or on the flanks. The observation post (NP) consists of 2-3 observers, one of whom is appointed by the senior. The task to the senior observer is set by the chief of intelligence or the chief of staff of a unit (unit) and is recorded in the observation journal.

The sentinel compartment (tank) is sent from reconnaissance units (bodies) and units performing combat missions in isolation from their main forces, for timely detection of the enemy and reconnaissance of the area. It acts at a distance that provides monitoring and support by fire. The sentinel department performs its task of observation, moving in a standard combat vehicle, other vehicles, as well as on foot. For direct inspection of the terrain and individual local objects from the sentinel squad foot sent. Reconnaissance patrol (RD) as part of a platoon sent from the reconnaissance unit. He performs tasks by observation, eavesdropping and ambushes. For reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain, sentinel squads (tanks) or foot sentinels are sent from the RD. A combat reconnaissance patrol (BRD) is sent to the platoon by force during the battle and in the absence of direct contact with the enemy from combined arms battalions (companies). It is designed to detect fire weapons, ambushes, enemy barriers and reconnaissance in front of the front and on the flanks of its unit. BRD performs tasks of observation, ambush and battle. Inspection of the area, he carries out the whole composition or allocates a sentinel compartment (tank) for this. A separate reconnaissance patrol (ARD) is sent for reconnaissance in all types of combat and on the march. He is appointed as part of a reinforced platoon. During the execution of the task, the ARD conducts reconnaissance by observation, ambushes and raids. For direct protection and inspection of the area in the direction of reconnaissance, and, if necessary, to the side of the route of movement, the ARD sends sentinel squads (tanks) or foot sentinels. The officer reconnaissance patrol (OfRD) is sent by the commander of the unit (part) to clarify the most important information. Depending on the task, it may include one or two officers with the necessary forces and means of reconnaissance and communications. OfRD moves on BMP, tank, helicopter and other means of transportation.

A reconnaissance unit (RO) is sent to conduct reconnaissance in the most important direction. It is usually assigned as part of a company. Sometimes a motorized rifle or tank battalion may be assigned from a unit to a reconnaissance detachment. To conduct reconnaissance, reconnaissance patrols and sentinel squads (tanks) are sent from the reconnaissance detachment. RO performs its tasks by observation, ambushes, raids, and, if necessary, by battle. A reconnaissance group (WG) is created from specially trained personnel of the reconnaissance unit of military intelligence, as a rule, as part of the department. The reconnaissance group is intended for operations behind enemy lines to uncover objects of nuclear and chemical attack facilities, precision weapons, command posts, reserves, airfields and other objects. During the day, she can scout 1-2 objects or an area of \u200b\u200bup to 100 square meters. km The enemy is sent to the rear of the enemy by helicopters (airplanes) with airborne landing by parachute or landing method, in combat vehicles and other means of transportation, on foot, and in coastal directions by fleet means. The main way of conducting reconnaissance by the reconnaissance group is observation.

A search group can be assigned as part of a reconnaissance, motorized rifle, paratrooper and paratrooper assault platoon, which is reinforced by sappers with engineering reconnaissance and demining facilities. The actions of the group, if necessary, are supported by the fire of tanks, artillery and other weapons. From the group for the search are assigned subgroups of capture, barrage and fire support. The group for ambush force before platoon is used in all types of combat, on any terrain, in various meteorological conditions and at any time of the day. It can operate in the depths of the enemy’s location, on its front line, in front of the front line and in the location of our troops. To carry out an ambush, observers, subgroups of capture and fire support are appointed from the group. During actions as part of reconnaissance bodies behind enemy lines, a detachment during a raid can be assigned to subgroups of destruction (removal) of enemy security, assault or fire support, and also perform a combat mission in relation to the offensive. A unit for reconnaissance in battle is appointed from a unit in the reinforced motorized rifle or tank battalion (company). In his battle formations, separate reconnaissance patrols, artillery reconnaissance scouts, and reconnaissance scouts can operate to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment.

The reconnaissance squad (BRM-1k crew), when performing independent combat missions, can act as a sentinel squad and conduct reconnaissance at an observation post. A reconnaissance squad may set up ambushes. In the course of reconnaissance in battle, it usually forms a group for capturing prisoners, documents, samples of weapons and equipment. When conducting a search, the squad acts as one of the platoon groups (capture, support or barrage). A reconnaissance platoon can operate in a reconnaissance (separate reconnaissance) patrol, search, raid, and ambush.

From the book Hitler Assault Guns. "Sturmgeschutze" in battle [with photo] the author Baryatinsky Mikhail

Basics of application The main objective of the assault guns was: in the offensive - escorting infantry during an attack and battle in the depths of defense, in defense - supporting counterattacks. According to the Germans, the assault guns increased the pace and speed of the attack, gave the infantry shock power

From the book Rebel Army. Fight tactics the author Tkachenko Sergey

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of UPA guerrilla tactics The Ukrainian rebel army, especially at the final stages of its struggle, waged a guerrilla warfare. The methods and methods of this war, the rebels practiced before

From the book “I Went Over the Front Line” [Revelations of Military Intelligence] the author Drabkin Artem Vladimirovich

The importance of military intelligence Military intelligence in the German army is one of the main types of intelligence. It is conducted by all commanders regardless of whether they are assigned a reconnaissance task or not. The reconnaissance task is assigned to the commander of a linear company by the commander

From the book of the Special Services of the Russian Empire [Unique Encyclopedia] the author Kolpakidi Alexander Ivanovich

Methods of military intelligence The main methods of military intelligence in the German army are: - reconnaissance in force (force reconnaissance), conducted by forces from platoon to battalion with the support of artillery and mortar fire; - actions of the reconnaissance group

From the book Japanese instruction on the preparation of tank units of 1935 the author USSR Ministry of Defense

Military intelligence operations After accession to the throne, Peter I almost immediately faced the problem of conducting military operations against aggressive neighbors. The first line in this list was Turkey. The military operation against this country, which went down in history under

From the book Me 262 The Last Hope of the Luftwaffe Part 3 author Ivanov S. V.

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From the book At the Black Sea strongholds. Separate Primorsky Army in the defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. Memories author Sakharov V.P.

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From the book of the Great Patriotic War. Did the Russians want war? the author Solonin Mark Semenovich

Laying the foundations of defense Leading the breakthrough of troops, the headquarters of the Primorsky Army, located in the Khersoness barracks, from November 3 was already practically engaged in organizing the defense of Sevastopol. I went, of course, first to the Sevastopol artillery, to the headquarters

From the book Losers Winners. Russian generals the author Poroshin Alexey Alexandrovich

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Chapter I The Basics of Leadership

From the book The Western Front of the RSFSR 1918-1920. The struggle between Russia and Poland for Belarus the author Gritskevich Anatoly Petrovich

The theoretical foundations of a parachute jump. Paratroopers leave the plane. Any body when it falls in the atmosphere of the Earth experiences air resistance. The principle of action of a parachute is based on this property of air. The introduction of a parachute into action is carried out either immediately after

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ACTIVITIES OF THE BELARUSIAN MILITARY COMMISSION After the Polish troops occupied Grodno and Vilnius in April 1919, the Vilna Belarussian Council (VBR), established back in January 1918, resumed its activities. On April 22, the Pilsudski appeal “To

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CHAPTER 1 BASES OF THE WIND “The technical data used to calculate the drift of a bullet by the wind include: ballistic coefficient, delay time, lateral wind speed at the shooting range and atmospheric conditions ... I like playing with computers, but in practice, most of

From the book Textbook of Survival of Military Intelligence [Combat Experience] the author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

The foundations of the war economy of the USSR The Patriotic War demanded the immediate transfer of the Soviet economy to the war economy. In the decisions of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Soviet government and the instructions of Comrade Stalin in the very first days

From the author’s book

1. Tasks of military intelligence To study the enemy, improve intelligence - the eyes and ears of the army, remember that without this you can’t beat the enemy for sure. The order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin to front-line scouts, 1944. Military intelligence, or tactical

From the author’s book

Organization of military intelligence All the questions that military intelligence agencies have to resolve ultimately boil down to the following: timely obtain information about the enemy, terrain, population and local means; study them and systematize and then

Reconnaissance target in each case it is determined by the nature of the assigned combat mission. In anticipation of the march, for example, route reconnaissance is carried out in order to obtain data on the quality and condition of roads, possible routes of movement outside roads, the condition of bridges, fords, on the conditions for camouflage and orientation on the route. When organizing defense, special attention is paid to reconnaissance on the front line and in front of it, in order to identify and use favorable terrain conditions to create a fire system, surveillance, as well as provide for the possibility of maneuver and interaction in the conduct of defense. In offensive combat, reconnaissance is intended to establish the presence of advantageous approaches to the enemy’s defense, providing a stealth approach and shelter from fire, the presence and position of characteristic local objects and landforms in the attack direction, which can be used for target designation, withstanding the attack direction, etc. .

Main intelligence methods Terrain department are observation, direct inspection and examination of the terrain.

Observation - One of the most common methods of reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain. It is organized in all types of combat activities and is conducted continuously day and night. In conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out using night vision devices and other technical means, as well as means of lighting the terrain, and is supplemented by eavesdropping.

The work of an observer in conducting intelligence begins with a detailed study of the terrain in the indicated sector. The terrain in the observation sector is recommended to first be examined with the naked eye, then examined in detail using optical instruments. In this case, the observer must remember the number, shape, size and location of all local objects in order to reveal the possible disguise of the enemy under these objects.

To cover the entire sector with observation, it starts from itself, that is, from the near zone, and is carried out from left to right by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. Open areas are inspected faster, closed - more carefully. In order to self-control, a second inspection is carried out. The observation results are made out in the form of a monitoring scheme, according to which a report is kept on everything that has been noticed in the sectrum (band) of observation.

Direct inspection and survey of the area widely used: in the actions of the sentinel squad (patrol car) in reconnaissance; if necessary, examine a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, not visible from one point of standing; when studying (reconnaissance) of certain local objects (river, forest, settlement, etc.). During patrol actions on a combat vehicle, the terrain is inspected on the go, from short stops or from a place convenient for observation.

Direct inspection and examination of the terrain allows us to study the characteristic features of local objects and terrain with the greatest completeness and reliability, establish the presence of obstacles, evaluate the protective properties and terrain, determine the conditions for firing, orientation and camouflage. When exploring the forest, its size, density, the presence of roads, clearings, glades, the presence of wetlands, their cross-country ability and the ability to bypass are established.

During road reconnaissance, faulty or destroyed sections and ways to bypass (detour) are identified; the condition of the ground or road surface; condition of bridges; changes that occurred on the terrain on the sides of the road, and their impact on the conditions of orientation and camouflage along the way, etc.

When reconnaissance of a settlement, the main changes in the layout are determined; the appearance of new, especially stone, buildings; condition of water sources (wells); changes that occurred on the outskirts of the village.

When exploring a swamp, its patency in a given period (season) of the year is determined; the presence of roads (paths) and possible paths of passage through the swamp off roads (paths); nature of vegetation, degree of freezing and depth of snow cover, etc.

When exploring a river, its width, depth and speed are determined; the nature of the banks and hidden approaches to the banks of the river; the presence and characteristics of ford; the presence and condition of bridges; the thickness of the ice.

The more specific scope and content of reconnaissance tasks is determined by the nature and content of the combat mission to be performed. If necessary, when examining and examining sites of significant size, a terrain scheme is drawn up with a brief written statement (legend) of information that cannot be displayed graphically.

Study of observation conditions aims to determine the degree of visibility of the site (area) of actions from the most favorable points of the terrain, and when studying the conditions of camouflage - from ground observation posts and from the air.

The conditions of observation and camouflage depend on the nature of the relief, the presence of vegetation and settlements on it. The cross-country relief, the more trees and bushes on it, various kinds of structures, the less favorable the observation conditions and the more favorable the conditions for camouflage.

AT the result of studying the conditions of observation and camouflage on the map you can set:

Points from which the best overview of the area opens;

Traceability of the terrain in separate directions or in a given sector (strip);

Natural masks that hide the unit and equipment from ground and air surveillance, and the camouflage capacity of individual sections (local objects).

The characteristics of such objects are given on the map with great detail, which allows you to determine the masking conditions by reading the map. In some cases, if, for example, it is necessary to determine the area of \u200b\u200ban object (a section of forest, garden), calculations can be performed.

If the study area (site) is small and there are few local objects that can limit visibility, the observation conditions are estimated by map by eye. In other cases, determining the visibility of individual objects and the boundaries of terrain not visible from ground-based observation points requires special calculations and constructions. On the map, this is done by determining the mutual visibility of the terrain points and invisibility fields.

Mutual visibility of points on the mapit is determined when choosing observation points, firing positions, hidden approaches, as well as in cases where it is necessary to establish invisible areas in the observation sector or find out how the terrain is viewed in our location from probable enemy observation posts.

Fig. 1 Determination of the mutual visibility of points on the eye and the construction of a triangle.

Determining the mutual visibility of points on the map comes down to identifying obstacles in the observation directions that can block objects (goals) from the observer’s gaze. For example, carefully examining the image of the relief on the map (Fig. 1), it is easy to establish without any measurements what are the most convenient places to observe the front edge of the enemy’s defense passing along the western bank of the river. Blue, there will be western slopes of heights 215.3 and 236.4. Visibility into the depths of defense will be limited by a height of 217.5, which well covers the highway from observation. From enemy observation posts located on the eastern slopes of a height of 217.5, the western slopes of a height of 215.3 are clearly visible; 236.4 and the hollow of the river. Nera before turning her north, where it is closed with a height of 215.3. Hiding from enemy observation will be the northeastern and southeastern slopes of heights 215.3 and 236.4. Height 236.4 is the command height above the terrain along the western bank of the river. Blue This is a general assessment of visibility conditions in a given area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain.

Assessment of visibility on a map is based on some general rules. If there is no elevation or local objects (shelters - U) between the observer (NP) and the target (1D) that have elevations that exceed the elevations of the NP and Ts marks, then there is visibility between these points. For example, in Fig. 1, there are no shelters between HP1 and C1, NP2 and Ts2, which means that there is visibility between them.

If there is a shelter between the observer and the target that has a higher mark than the marks of the NP and Ts, then there is no visibility between the NP and Ts. For example, in Fig. 1, NP1 has a mark of 215.3, C3 has a mark of 190; in the direction of observation there is a shelter-height with a mark of 217.5. From a comparison of the marks, it is seen that the Y mark is greater than the mark of NP1 and C3, which means that there is no visibility between the NP and C.

If the presence of visibility needs to be determined more accurately, then use the method of constructing a triangle or an abbreviated profile.

Building a triangle. Let it be required to determine the mutual visibility of the points NP2 (height 236.4) and Ts1 (machine gun), shown in Fig. 1. To do this, connect the points NP2 and C1 with a straight line. Reading the relief on the map, we note that visibility can be closed by anonymous height expressed by a horizontal with a mark of 190; we mark it with the letter U. Then we determine from the map the marks of the points NP2 (236.4) and C1 (150). We will take the smallest of the marks (150 m) as zero, and for the remaining points we will write their excesses over the smaller one: for NP2 we will write +86 m, and for the shelter point Y we will write +40 m. From points NP2 and Y we will restore the perpendiculars to the straight line connecting all three points, and on these perpendiculars we postpone the signed excesses at an arbitrary, but the same scale. In our example, we establish that 1 mm will correspond to 3 m. Then the perpendicular length for NP2 will be 29 mm (with rounded tenths of a millimeter), and at the point U-13 mm. The end of the perpendicular restored from point NP2 is connected by a straight line to point C1; this line will be a line of sight. If the line of sight passes above the perpendicular restored from point Y, there is visibility, and if the line of sight crosses it, there is no visibility. In our example, the ray crossed the perpendicular restored from the point Y, which means that the target is not visible.

Build a shortened profile. A profile is an image of a section of the terrain with a vertical plane in a given direction. The direction on the map along which the profile is built is called the profile line.

A profile is called complete if all its altitude data along the profile line (all horizontal, half-horizontal, and elevation marks) were used during its construction. To determine visibility, sometimes it’s enough to build not a complete, but a shortened profile. For its construction, not all horizons are used, but only those that determine the boundaries of ups and downs, as well as sharp bends of slopes.

Let it be necessary to determine from the map whether the target located near the bridge is visible from a height of 211.3 (Fig. 2). Having connected the points of NP and Ts by a straight line, we carefully look at the terrain in the direction of this line. The map shows that visibility can be prevented by a height with a separate coniferous tree and a height with a separate stone.

Fig.2 Determination of visibility by constructing an abbreviated profile.

Then we define the lowest horizontal line on the profile line. In our example, this will be the horizontal at the bridge with a mark of 120. This mark is signed on the bottom line of the cut paper, and the rest of the lines - at a specified interval, which is usually taken equal to the height of the relief cross section on the map.

After that, we apply the prepared unfolded paper with the upper edge to the profile line and at the intersection of the edge with the most characteristic horizontals, lower the perpendiculars to the line whose signature corresponds to the mark of the crossed horizontal. We connect the points of intersection of the perpendiculars with horizontal lines with a smooth curve and, shading it off with a light shading, we get a terrain profile in the direction of NP-Ts. Connect the points of NP and C by a straight line. It can be seen from the figure that this line intersects the profile image in several places, which means that the bridge does not have visibility between the NP (height 211.3) and the target.

Identification and mapping of invisibility fields. Invisibility fields are called closed areas that are not visible from observation points. Depending on the task and the availability of time, the boundaries of the invisibility fields are determined approximately (by eye) or more precisely by constructing terrain profiles.

With an approximate determination of the invisibility fields, first on the map, the relief structure in the observation sector is studied (the direction of the general decrease in the area, the location of heights, ridges and hollows) and the shelters that interfere with the survey are identified. Then, the boundaries of the invisibility fields closest to the observer are visually determined and carried out on the map. These boundaries usually coincide with the watershed lines, forest edges, the outskirts of settlements, etc. The areas covered with woody and shrubby vegetation and occupied by settlements are entirely included in invisibility fields.

To establish the far boundaries of the invisibility fields behind the shelters, the absolute heights in the directions of the observation point-shelter-point of the terrain located behind the shelter are compared. To determine these directions, it is convenient to consistently apply a ruler to the NP and shelters. If the shelters are a forest or settlement, then when determining their absolute heights, the height of the trees and buildings are taken into account.

The far boundaries of the invisibility fields quite accurately by eye can be determined only if the observation and shelter points have equal absolute heights. In this case, the border of the invisibility field will pass horizontally behind the shelter with a mark equal to the absolute height of the shelter. With a significant inequality of the absolute heights of the observation and shelter points, the distant border can be glazed at only approximately, guided by the following rules:

If the observation point is higher than the shelter, the border of the invisibility field behind it will pass horizontally with a mark less than the absolute height of the shelter;

If the observation point is below the shelter, the border beyond it will pass horizontally with a mark greater than the absolute height of the shelter.

Building profiles. If closed areas alternate with open areas on the ground, invisibility fields can most accurately be determined by constructing profiles.

For mapping invisibility fields By building profiles, they do this (Fig. 3):

In the observation sector, from the observation point, through the most significant shelters, draw profile lines and number them. The number of profile lines depends on the nature of the terrain (five are drawn in Fig. 3);

Abbreviated profiles are built along all the lines drawn and sections that are not visible from the observation point are marked;

Draw the boundaries of the invisibility fields, connecting, with smooth curves in accordance with the relief of the terrain, all the boundaries of individual invisible sections obtained on the profile lines.

Fig. 3 Defining and plotting invisibility fields on a map.

Defined and mapped invisibility fields are shaded.

Firing conditions studied by unit commanders in order to select the most advantageous positions for firing. This work is usually carried out directly on the ground. However, there may be cases when the position of positions is pre-selected on the map. A preliminary study of the conditions of firing on the map comes down to identifying the presence and characterization of natural shelters from the proposed or selected positions, as well as the nature of the relief and especially the shape of the ramps. The shape distinguishes smooth, concave, convex and wavy slopes.

Flat and concave slopes are visible from the top of the hill to the bottom.

The convex slope is characterized by the presence of an inflection, which covers part of the terrain, thereby creating unimaginable areas when viewing the slope from the top of the hill.

A wavy slope is called a slope, which in its course passes from flat to convex, then to concave, again to flat, etc.

Firing positions and observation posts are advantageously located on the even and concave slopes of the hills facing the enemy. But such slopes are clearly visible in the opposite direction, that is, from the bottom of the mountain to the topographic rowing, therefore the firing positions and observation posts located on them must be carefully masked. On a convex slope, in contrast to a flat and concave firing position and observation points, it is advisable to place them at the place of the slope of the slope, that is, where the slope goes from more gentle to more abrupt. This will allow you to view and shell the entire slope to its sole and at the same time facilitate masking, since the bend of the slope is not projected against the sky.

Such a kink of a slope, from which an overview of the whole slope from the top to the base of the hill opens, and which is not projected against the sky when observed from the enemy, is called a combat crest.

Fig. 4 shows a section of the shape of the relief, the position of the topographic and combat ridges on it and the image of the slopes by horizontal lines, the shape and relative position of which can be used to determine whether. niyu crests on the map.

Fig. 4 Transverse profile of slopes of different orientations.

A wavy slope creates unfavorable conditions for firing, but at the same time allows secretive movement from bend to bend, which serve as a good shelter.

Depending on their location, as regards the enemy, the ramps are divided into forward and reverse.

The front is called the slopes facing the enemy, the reverse - the slopes facing the opposite side of the enemy.

The use of the protective properties of the area is one of the important tasks of protecting the personnel of the unit from weapons of mass destruction. The protective properties of the terrain are determined mainly by the nature of the relief and vegetation.

The study of the protective properties of the relief. When studying the protective properties of a relief, first of all, the presence, direction and size of heights, watershed ridges, river valleys and other large relief forms, their excess over the surrounding area and the slope slope are taken into account. Such characteristics are determined on the map by the outline and density of the contour lines, their configuration, elevations and explanatory signatures (digitization).

Having obtained such data on the map and knowing the influence of various forms and details of the relief on the weakening or strengthening of the damaging effect of weapons of mass destruction (see Section 1.1), they draw practical conclusions about the use of this area for shelter and protection of the unit.

The study of the protective properties of forests, soils and soils. When assessing the protective properties of forests, the species, density, height and thickness of trees are taken into account. To do this, it is enough to read the explanatory symbols and digital characteristics shown on the forest massif on the map. Knowing such characteristics, it is possible to draw fairly reasonable conclusions about the possible degree of reduction of the damaging effect of weapons of mass destruction and take protective measures against it.

In assessing the influence of the terrain on the action of weapons of mass destruction of the enemy, the nature of soils and soils must also be clarified. On the map, some soils and soils are shown by conventional signs (salt marshes, sands, rocky placers), and some of them can be judged by indirect signs (for example, the presence of a pine forest indicates sandy soil, rocky soils are most often found in mountainous areas, peat soils characteristic of wooded and swampy areas).

AT the result of studying the protective properties of the area determine:

Adverse (in the sense of damage) areas in the area of \u200b\u200blocation and in the direction of the unit;

Natural shelters that can be used to protect personnel and equipment;

Measures for the best use of the protective properties of the area when equipping shelters for personnel and equipment.

In all cases, the study and assessment of the terrain is carried out taking into account the type of the upcoming battle or the combat mission being performed. In each case, conclusions about the terrain will have their own characteristics. For example, when assessing the terrain in anticipation of an attack, they determine:

The protective properties of the terrain and their impact on the organization of defense against nuclear attacks during the offensive;

The masking properties of the terrain and their influence on the secretive concentration, deployment and maneuver during the battle;

The presence and condition of the road network, the possibility of off-road traffic;

The presence of natural obstacles in the direction of the offensive and their influence on the course of the battle. In defense establish:

The degree of influence of the terrain on the choice of the front line of defense and positions in its depth;

The presence and nature of natural obstacles in front of the front line of defense and their influence on the enemy's choice of attack directions, especially the advance of his tanks;

Terrain areas that increase the survivability of defense, and areas that restrict the use of certain types of military equipment by the enemy;

The density and direction of roads that can be used by the enemy for the offensive, and the possibility of movement of enemy units and equipment off-road.