Northeast Siberia. Physical geography - middle Siberia What natural areas are represented in eastern Siberia
In almost 3 million square meters. km, a flat flat terrain with small low manes and a continental climate contributed to the pronounced geographical zonality of its landscapes from the northern cold tundra to warm southern steppes. The main territory here is occupied by forest-bog dark coniferous taiga inaccessible landscapes.
The natural ecosystem of the northern cold tundra is located on the coast and islands of the Kara Sea, the gulfs of the Gulf of Ob, Baydrat and Gydan, on the Yamal Peninsula and the Gydan Peninsula north of the Arctic Circle. A feature of the tundra is the widespread wetland on permafrost soils and the complete absence of forests.
At first glance, it seems that the tundra does not caress the eyes of lush vegetation and bright colors. But a person who takes a closer look at her severe beauty can not but be charmed. Bright spots in groups of growing plants of all kinds of shades from emerald green to olive, red, bright yellow and brown are visible everywhere.
The climate of the tundra is very severe, a long winter polar night presents a serious test for animals and plants living in the tundra. The average January temperatures in the tundra are -22 ° C, -24 ° C. The absolute minimum may fall here to -51 ° C, -54 ° C. Cold northerly winds further cools the plains.
Summer is cool and very short, which led to a short growing season. Average summer temperatures range from 0 ° C to + 8 ° C, the maximum temperature on hot days can rise to + 32 ° C, + 34 ° C. The tundra blooms profusely and amicably, against the background of continuous moss, islands of partridge grass whiten with large lawns, forget-me-not and polar poppy, veronica and cyanosis, buttercups and yarrow bloom with carpets. Plants of the northern tundra spaces are most often stunted and creeping, propagating by rhizomes. Woody forms are also stunted, dwarf species of birch and willow grow here.
The main food of numerous birds in the tundra is a huge number of mosquitoes and midges, there are so many that they can obscure the sun. The food of predators and large birds became very prolific mouse pestles. For the winter, they hide in deep snow, and at the same time feed on the roots of plants. Reindeers, arctic foxes, hares, Arctic partridges and owls became characteristic animals for the tundra.
Forest tundra
A forest-tundra zone stretches along the Arctic Circle from Salekhard to a narrow strip. This is, first of all, the transition zone between the vast expanses of the tundra and the immense taiga open spaces in the south. Here climatic conditions softer, and among the tundra, low-growing trees rarely appear at first with a characteristic flag-shaped crown formed by the prevailing winds. South of the trees it becomes more and more, and the forest-tundra ecosystem passes into typical taiga forests.
Taiga
The largest area up to 1,850 thousand square meters. km, located a wide strip in Western Siberia occupy s. They are located along the middle course of the Ob and the lower course of the Irtysh. The main coniferous trees taiga West Siberian forests are fir and spruce, cedar, pine and larch mixed with birch, aspen and alder. Endless taiga wilds stretch here along the swamps and lowlands enormous in area for thousands of kilometers. Urmans grow in more elevated areas - dense cedra, spruce and fir. 
Under the dense cinque branches of trees in siberian taiga always damp, cool and gloomy. There are very few bushes and grasses; the land is covered by a continuous carpet of emerald green fluffy mosses and water-loving lichens. In the taiga there are a lot of windbreak and dead trees dried up on the root with drooping blocks of gray lichens. In damp places fern grows abundantly, fallen trees are covered with thick green moss. On the trees intertwined, broken branches hang, further obscuring the space between the trees.
The climate in the taiga is temperate continental with average January temperatures of -16 ° C, -24 ° C. The absolute minimum on vast taiga spaces can drop to -48 ° C, -50 ° C. Cold northerly winds are already cooling the vast plain taiga space. Summer in the taiga is quite cool, with average temperatures in July + 16 ° C and an absolute maximum of + 38 ° C, + 41 ° C. The main precipitation falls in the summer.
In a cool gloomy taiga forest, conditions for insufficient evaporation are created and therefore the largest array of marshy ecosystems on the planet is located in the Siberian taiga zone. A cheerful chirping of birds is heard in the crowns of the trees, among which the tender voices of the froths stand out. Downstairs in the midst of dusk it is very quiet, dark and humid.
The rays of the sun practically do not penetrate here. Only clouds of midges curl in motionlessly frozen air. Yes, sometimes a woodpecker with a sharp cry sits down and knocks on dead trees, and a wood grouse with a noise breaks from a dry branch. Sometimes a squirrel peeks out from behind the trunk with curiosity and a striped chipmunk flashes. But you can walk tens of kilometers along the taiga wilds, and not see a single bird, not meet a single animal.
Only along the rivers, where alder trees and willows, birch forests with an admixture of mountain ash grow more than sun, life boils. Gorilnika coo, warblers and reeds are busy in the bushes, magpies chatter loudly and cuckoo cuckoo. The bird's hubbub trails off only when a hawk appears nearby. Cranberries, blueberries and blueberries come to the thickets of capercaillie and hazel grouse, here comes the "fatten" bear.
Moose graze in low-lying swampy taiga with abundant moisture-loving vegetation and young shoots deciduous trees. In hot weather, moose climb into the water in the very face to escape from the vulture. For long months, taiga is covered with deep snow for many months. It hangs with a hat from wide spruce paws, and nibbles unsteady swamps. Foxes, squirrels and ermines regale themselves with the gifts of a generous forest.
Mixed forests
In mixed forests, stretching in Western Siberia with a narrow strip from Yekaterinburg to, it is noticeably warmer. Average January temperatures here range from + 16 ° C to + 18 ° C. Absolute maximum temperature can rise from + 38 ° C to + 40 ° C. With sufficient moisture in mixed forests, bushes and grasses grow wildly in the undergrowth.
Mixed forests are more elegant and lighter, sometimes they consist of one type of tree, spruce or birch, aspen or pine. But more often in the stand there are conifers mixed with broadleaf. A mixed forest always consists of two tiers, pine and maples stretch towards the light, candle-shaped fir and spruce, and viburnum and walnut, wild apple trees and cherries grow below.
In the understory there are many berry bushes, raspberries, currants, rose hips, acacia and spirea. Below are whole clumps of veronica oak grove and lily of the valley, wild strawberries and bones. In forest glades, daisies turn white with a cloud, buttercups turn yellow, and forget-me-nots occur.
The fauna of the mixed forest is richer than the taiga. Here you will no longer meet sables and a column, appear red deer, martens, minks, black ferrets and wild boars. In the crowns of trees, whistling melodiously, twigs a nest of the Oriole. In spring, forests ring with the voices of birds, finches, blackbirds, siskins, cooing doves. Many hedgehogs and badgers, hares and foxes. Large forest predators are wolves, wolverines and brown bears.
Forest steppe
From Chelyabinsk to the upper reaches, a zone of forest-steppe stretches across Western Siberia in a wide strip. This is also a transition zone from a mixed forest to the steppe, characterized by a more comfortable climate and sufficient annual moisture. Forests are gradually thinning, remain shreds and birch spikes along rivers and natural lake bodies of water.
Steppe
In the south of the plain, partly in the Omsk region, partly in the zone of dry steppes. This is an absolutely flat area with low manes, covered with grassy vegetation and lack of moisture. It is the ability to tolerate a lack of moisture that distinguishes steppe vegetation from meadow grasses.
The steppe is characterized by a continental climate with a short cold winter and long, dry, hot summers. Average winter temperatures in the steppe range from -14 ° C to -16 ° C. The absolute minimum in the steppe can drop to -49 ° C. In summer, average temperatures rise to + 18 ° C, absolute to + 40 ° C. The steppe is moistened only in spring with precipitation and snowmelt. In summer, small amounts of up to 400 mm / year fall out, which, with large evaporation, creates conditions for salinization of soils and the formation of salt marshes.
Among the steppe landscapes, grassland meadows with birch and aspen-birch spruce forests prevail here, feather grass rich herbaceous, fescue-feather grass, fescue with halophytic wormwood and saltpeter-wooded communities, wormwood-fescue, swan and camphorose plant communities on chestnut and, accordingly, dark chestnut soils.
Especially beautiful is the brightly flowering steppe in May and on a bright sunny June day in the morning. All the flowers turned their corollas strewn with sparkling dew drops to the sun and opened their buds to the maximum. In an hour, another picture will change dramatically, under the rays of the rising bright sun, I close the corollas by noon, and the steppe will fade.
The air over the steppe is filled with buzzing and chirping of countless insects, bees, bumblebees, grasshoppers. All kinds of butterfly colors flutter silently, but very beautifully, gophers whistle. And at the top, spreading its wings, it looks for prey hawk.
Large expanses of steppe on fertile soils in Western Siberia are plowed up. It was here that the virgin lands came to the steppes of East Kazakhstan, mastered and plowed the steppes, built villages and roads. And today the steppes of Western Siberia are the breadbasket of the country.
2. Geological structure.
3. The relief.
4. The climate.
5. Water and permafrost.
6. Soil, flora and fauna.
7. Natural areas.
Geographical position
Central Siberia is located between the Yenisei River and the western foot of the Verkhoyansk Range. In the north it is washed by the Laptev and Kara Seas, in the south it borders with Eastern Sayan Mountains, the ridge of Baikal, Patomsky and Aldan highlands. The greatest length from north to south is 2800 km (or 25˚), from west to east 2500 km (at the latitude of Yakutsk). The area of \u200b\u200bthis country is about 4 million km2. Most of The country lies on the Siberian platform, in the north of the North-Siberian Lowland and the Taimyr Peninsula. In contrast to Western Siberia, the borders of Central Siberia on the maps are not unambiguous. Controversial are Taimyr and especially the Aldan Highlands. Scientific research Central Siberia began in the 18th century: the Great Northern Expedition. A great contribution to the study of this country was made in the 19th century by A.F. Middendorf.
Geological structure
The tectonic basis of Central Siberia is the ancient Siberian platform. Moreover, its Aldan shield is not included in Central Siberia. The foundation of the Siberian platform is composed of Archean and Proterozoic folded complexes and has a dissected surface. In the area of \u200b\u200bshields, foundation rocks (gneisses, quartzites, granites, marbles) come to the surface. The Yenisei Ridge belongs to the Baikal folding. The foundation has deflections: Tunguska, Khatanga, Angara-Lensky, Vilyui. These depressions are filled with sedimentary rocks, in places up to 8-12 km thick. The formation of the cover began in the Early Paleozoic with marine transgression. Then, almost the entire territory became land. In the Late Paleozoic, the lake-bog regime dominated, at which time coal seams were forming. By the beginning of the Mesozoic, fissure magmatism began to appear, the foundation experienced faults and shifts. This process led to the formation of traps. Magma intrusions, basalt (lava) covers and explosion tubes (ring structures) are associated with traps. At the end of the Mesozoic, almost all of Central Siberia was a region of demolition (at this time the Putorana plateau rose) and active denudation. In the Cenozoic, the country slowly rose, which led to erosion processes and the formation of a river network. Neotectonic movements led to the rise of the Byrranga, Putoran, Anabar and Yenisei mountains. IN quaternary glaciation developed on the Putorano plateau. There was icing in Taimyr too, but the vast areas of Central Siberia were under the conditions of a periglacial regime. Cold climate contributed to the formation of permafrost and underground ice.
Relief
The main orographic structure of the country is the Central Siberian Plateau. It is characterized by significant elevation and contrast of the relief. The heights range from 200 m to 1700 m, and the average height of the plateau is 500-700 m. The surface is close to flat, but with deep incised river valleys. Highest height plateaus in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Putorana plateau (1700 m). To the east of the plateau lies the Vilyui and Central Yakut plains. In the extreme southeast, the Leno-Aldan plateau is located, and in the southwest the Yenisei Ridge (outlier mountains), the average altitudes are 600-700 m. In the far north, the Byrranga Mountains extend, these are low-mountain block massifs with a leveled surface (800-1000m) . Morphological structures of Central Siberia can be divided into 4 groups: 1) Plateaus, ridges, low mountains - Anabar plateau, Yenisei ridge, Byrranga mountains. 2) Plast heights and plateaus - Angara and Prilensky plateaus, Anagarsko-Lena plain. 3) Volcanic plateaus - Putorana, Central Tunguska, Vilyui. 4) Accumulative - Central Yakut and North Siberian lowlands. Almost the entire territory of Central Siberia is characterized by cryogenic relief forms: thermokarst, solifluction, tubercles, hydrolaccoliths, etc. In the mountainous regions, kurums (placers of stones) are characteristic. River valleys have big number terraces (6-9). In some places in the south of the country there is karst.
Climate
The climate is sharply continental, due to the remoteness from the Atlantic and the isolation of mountain barriers from the Pacific Ocean. The highest degree of continuity reaches in central Yakutia. The annual average temperature amplitudes are about 60˚C (extremeness is almost 100˚C). There is little rainfall; winter is very cold. Total solar radiation varies within the country from 65 kcal / cm2 (north of Taimyr) to 110 kcal / cm2 (Irkutsk). In winter, the Asian maximum prevails, to the north-west the pressure decreases. Therefore, in almost the entire territory, except for the north-west, the anticyclonal weather regime is clear, calm and frosty. Winter lasts 5-7 months. During this time, the surface is very cold, temperature inversions are formed, which is facilitated by the relief. Cyclones dominate only in Taimyr. The lowest average January temperatures are observed in the Central Yakut Lowland and northeast of the Central Siberian Plateau -42˚-45˚C. In the lowlands, the absolute minimum is -68˚C. To the north and west, the temperature rises to -30˚C. There is little rainfall in winter, 20-25% of the annual amount (100-150 mm), and in Central Yakutia - 50 mm. Thus, the thickness of the snow cover in Central Yakutia is not more than 30 cm by the end of winter. To the periphery of the country, the thickness of snow increases to 50 cm, and in the Yenisei part to 80 cm. Spring is short and friendly (May). In summer, pressure drops over Central Siberia. From the Arctic Ocean rush air masses, but Arctic air is rapidly transforming and turning into temperate continental. July isotherms take a sub-latitudinal direction and vary from + 2˚C at Cape Chelyuskin, + 12˚C near the ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau and up to + 18˚C in Central Yakutia, + 19˚C in Irkutsk. There is 2-3 times more rainfall in summer than in winter, especially in the second half of summer. Autumn is short (September). In total, precipitation falls from 600 mm per year in the pre-Yenisei part of Central Siberia (on the Putorana plateau, the Tunguska plateau about 1000 mm), to 350-300 mm in Central Yakutia. In Central Yakutia in the lower reaches of Aldan and Vilyui k1.
Water and permafrost
The rivers of Central Siberia are full of water, there are lakes, permafrost everywhere, there are swamps in the north. The river network is well developed. The permafrost contributes to the increase in river flow. By the nature of the course of the river, Central Siberia occupies an intermediate position between the mountain and lowland. In Central Siberia there is a large part of the Yenisei and Lena river basins (Lower Tunguska, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Angara; Vilyui, Aldan, Amga, etc.). Olenek, Anabar, Khatanga, Pyasina and others flow directly into the sea. water regime all rivers belong to the East Siberian type. Mixed food, with the leading role of snow, the role of rain nutrition not significant, and soil runoff gives only 5-10% (due to permafrost). Ledostav powerful and long, the flood is very high. In the lower reaches of the Lena, the water rise in May exceeds 10 m, on the Yenisei - 15 m, on Lower Tunguska up to 30 m. In winter, on the low water rivers. The formation of ice on many rivers does not begin from above, but from the bottom, and then ice rises to the surface. Ice formation begins in October, and only the Angara freezes in December. The thickness of the ice on the rivers is 1-3 meters. Small rivers freeze to the bottom. On many rivers, ice forms in winter, which leads to the formation of ice fields in the river valleys. Largest river Lena is, its length is 4400 km, the basin area is 2490 thousand km2. The source of the Lena River on the western slope of the Baikal Range, a river flows into the Laptev Sea, forming a huge delta (32 thousand km2). Lakes in Central Siberia are smaller than in Western Siberia. Most of the lakes are located on the North Siberian lowland and the Central Yakut lowland, there are mainly thermokarst lakes. Large tectonic and glacial-tectonic lakes are located on the Putorana plateau: Khantayskoye, Lama, etc. big lake - Taimyr (area 4560 km2, maximum depth - 26 m). Permafrost is widespread almost everywhere in Central Siberia. Its formation took place back in the ice age, over several thousand years. Permafrost is a relict formation, but even now, modern climatic conditions in some places contribute to the formation of permafrost. The southern border of permafrost passes from Igarka, Lower Tunguska and in the Lena Valley near the mouth of Olekma. Power frozen ground here 300-600 m (maximum 800-1200 m). South of this permafrost border is of an island character (taliks). Meet in places underground icehydrolaccoliths (ice intrusions). Permafrost promotes the development of cryogenic landforms and complicates erosion processes. About 75% of Central Siberia is occupied by East Siberian artesian pool, which lies beneath the permafrost in bedrocks.
Soils, flora and fauna
Soils are developed mainly on bedrock eluvia; therefore, they are rocky and gravelly. Soils are formed on permafrost. Arctotundra soils, which are replaced by tundra-gley soils, are widespread in the far north. In the forest zone, taiga-permafrost soils are formed, in which there is no soil profile. Due to the permafrost, the regime of soils is not washed out, which prevents the removal chemical elements beyond the soil profile. For taiga-permafrost soils, gleying, weak aeration, and the absence of clear genetic horizons are characteristic. The soil reaction is acidic, but in places where pale yellow permafrost-taiga soils are developed, their reaction is neutral. In the south, where intermittent permafrost develop sod-podzolic soils. In the Central Yakut Lowland, saline soils are found: malt, salt marshes.
Vegetation, like soils, is subject to latitudinal zoning. On the coast of the sea arctic desertsto the south are typical tundra and shrub tundra of dwarf, willow, etc. Due to the severity of the climate, the floristic composition is not rich. Of tree species Daurian larch dominates; it is characteristic of both the forest-tundra and taiga, where light-coniferous forests form. In the south, pine is added to it, and in the west, cedar, spruce. Larch forests along the river valley reach Taimyr (almost 73˚sh) - this is the most northern distribution forests on the globe. In some places in the south of Central Yakutia there are areas with meadow-steppe vegetation (they are a relic of the xerothermal period and now exist due to the dry climate).
The fauna of Central Siberia is characterized by greater antiquity than the fauna of Western Siberia. A complex of taiga animals is widely represented here, but a number of European-Siberian species (marten, mink, brown hare, hedgehog, mole, etc.) are absent. East of the Yenisei, the eastern moose is typical, reindeer, bighorn sheep, musk deer, columns, northern pika, long-tailed gopher, black-capped marmot, rock grouse, black crow, rocky dove, etc. As in the West Siberian taiga, sable, chipmunk, squirrel, ermine, fox, arctic fox, wolf, wolverine, brown bear and etc.
Natural areas
Natural areas compared to Western Siberia in Central Siberia mixed to the north. It concerns first of all northern zones. Forests occupy up to 70% of the country’s territory, reaching almost to the south state border. On the coast arctic seas a narrow strip of arctic deserts with polygonal arctic soils is formed. More than 70% of the surface is occupied by bare soils. Of the plants, mosses and lichens, dryad (partridge grass), cotton grass, sedges predominate. Typical tundra are common to the south, and shrubbery to the south. The southern border of the tundra reaches Lake Pyasino, the Kheta River Valley and the north of the Anabar Plateau. The width of the zone is 100-600 km. Unlike the tundras of Western Siberia, there are fewer marshes, and the climate is more continental. The Arctic continental air masses dominate all year. Precipitation falls from 450 mm in the northwest of the zone to 250 mm in the southeast of the tundra. Cyclones reach only the lower reaches of Khatanga, to the east they do not penetrate. Winter lasts about 8 months. Most cold month - January (on the coast - February). Average winter temperatures are -30˚-35˚C. Snow cover lies about 9 months. Summer lasts 2 months. July temperatures vary from + 1˚C at Cape Chelyuskin to + 10˚C at the southern border of the zone. Humidification is excessive. Evaporation is only 50 mm per year. Many lakes, rivers are all high in water. The permafrost thickness is 600-800 m. Cryogenic relief forms prevail. Soils are tundra-gley. In addition to mosses and lichens, dryads, cassiopeia, polar poppy grow in the vegetation cover; to the south of the shrubs are lean birch, undersized willows. Lemming, field voles, Arctic foxes, reindeer live in animals, snow sheep, partridges, plantains live in the mountains, many geese, ducks, loons, eiders, gulls, waders fly in the summer.
The forest-tundra extends along the southern outskirts of the North Siberian lowland, with a strip of 70-100 km, but some authors combine this zone with the subzone of northern rare-standing forests (tundra forests) in the north of the Central Siberian plateau. Within such boundaries, the forest-tundra extends to the Arctic Circle, and in some places to the south of it. The climate is subarctic continental. Winter is very harsh and lasts 8 months. Winter temperatures 5-7˚C lower than in the tundra. Summer is warmer + 11˚ + 12˚C. Soils are permafrost-tundra and tundra-peat soils. In this zone, arboreal joins typical tundra vegetation.
Daurian larch dominates, in the west Siberian larch. In addition, skinny birch, shrubby alder and willow, and rosemary grow well. Animal world It has both tundra and taiga species.
The taiga extends from north to south for more than 2000 km, occupying the entire Central Siberian Plateau and reaching the country's borders in the south. The climate is sharply continental. The amplitude of monthly average temperatures is 50-60˚C, and extremes are up to 102˚C (Yakutsk). Winter is 6-7 months. Average January temperatures range from -25˚C in the southwest to -45˚C in the east. Temperature inversions are characteristic. Anticyclone dominates in winter. Spring is short. Summer due to the elevation of the territory is cooler than at the same latitudes in Western Siberia. The average July temperatures are + 16˚C + 18˚C. In the summer, cyclonic activity is manifested, but less actively than in Western Siberia. The annual precipitation varies from 800m on the elevated slopes of the relief to 300 mm on the plains. Permafrost is widespread everywhere, and permafrost relief is accordingly widespread. The erosion relief is less developed, lateral erosion prevails over the deep. The river network is well developed and the rivers are full of water. The food is mostly snow. Lakes and swamps are relatively few. Acidic permafrost-taiga soils prevail. Light coniferous taiga from larch dominates, in places with undergrowth from mountain ash, willow, birch, alder, bird cherry, juniper, honeysuckle, etc. In the south of the taiga there are pine, cedar, spruce, fir and pure pine forests, with well-developed undergrowth from shrubs. Numerous spots of alases - cereal-sedge meadows are interspersed in the arrays of taiga. In the extreme south of Central Siberia in some places there is a forest-steppe representing an alternation of pine forests with sections of meadow steppes on leached chernozems. On the plateaus and plateaus, taiga is replaced by mountain tundra. The animal kingdom of the forests of Central Siberia is typically taiga: brown bear, wolverine, wolf, lynx, fox, sable, ermine, weasel, columns, chipmunk, squirrel, white hare, muskrat, field vole, and shrew. Of ungulates, elk everywhere, less often musk deer, reindeer in the north of the taiga and red deer and roe in the south. Of the birds - rock capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, splyushki, goats, lentils, flycatchers, in water bodies - waterfowl. Most birds fly only in the summer. On the territory of Central Siberia, reserves were created: Taimyr, Ust-Lensky, Central Siberian, Putoran.
What kind natural areas located in north Eurasia
Arctic deserts, tundra, taiga.
Questions in the paragraph
* On the map, determine which of the natural areas occupies West Siberian Plain largest area. What changes in the composition of natural zones occur here compared to the Russian Plain?
The taiga forest-bog zone occupies the most extensive area on the plain. In comparison with the Russian Plain, a zone of arctic deserts appears on the West Siberian, an increase in the area of \u200b\u200btundra and taiga, a zone of mixed and widespread deciduous forest stretched by a narrow strip.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What are the natural zones of the West Siberian Plain.
Tundra, forest-tundra, taiga forest-bog zone, deciduous forest subzone, West Siberian forest-steppe.
2. Give a description of the largest natural area in Western Siberia.
The taiga forest-bog zone is the most extensive of the natural areas of the plain (its area is 1.5 million km2). In the taiga - the kingdom of spruce-fir, larch-cedar-pine forests with lichens and shrubs. In the northern part, larch-cedar and pine forests. In the middle part of the zone, taiga from pine, cedar, spruce and fir dominates. Aspen fires and birch forests are common at the site of forest fires.
The southern part of the taiga is birch-aspen small-leaved forests. The fauna of taiga is rich in it and there are “Europeans”, such as mink and pine marten, and “East Siberians”, such as sable. Chipmunk, squirrel, badger and the owner of the taiga - a bear live in the taiga. Seeds forest trees and shrubs feed on birds - capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, and doves. The most diverse fauna of taiga river valleys. Here you can meet the hare, the mole, the wolf and the fox. Staritsa and taiga lakes abound different kinds ducks, waders. A gray crane, snipe and a hollow nest in the swamps. The most typical wetlands of the taiga on the flat interfluve of the Ob and Irtysh are called urmans. After fires in the taiga, aspen forests and birch forests appear on the site of dark coniferous species.
The taiga of Western Siberia is formed by spruce and cedar, larch and fir, pine and aspen-birch forests. The animal world of the West Siberian taiga has many common species with European taiga. Everywhere in the taiga live: brown bear, lynx, wolverine, squirrel, ermine.
3. Explain what urman, mane, splitting.
Urmans are typical swampy areas of taiga on the flat interfluve of the Ob and Irtysh.
Manes are sand ridges with a height of 3 to 10 m, less often up to 30 m, covered with pine forests.
Kolka is a grove of birch and aspen, greening like oases among the waterless surrounding steppe plains. These are quiet, poetic corners full of shade and freshness, bright colors and birdsong.
“Deserts and semi-deserts in Russia” - Semi-deserts are poor fresh water. Geographical position. Large areas are occupied by orchards and vineyards. The Baskunchak table salt is located in the Astrakhan region near the city of Bogdo. Unlike the tundra and taiga, the zone does not form a continuous latitudinal strip. Without irrigation, farming is almost impossible.
"East European Plain" - Tectonics and mineral resources of Russia. The height of some elevations and plateaus reaches 600-1000 meters. Russian plain. Satellite view. Glaciation has left its mark on the formation of the relief of the East European Plain. Independent work. Lesson Plan: The East European Plain is almost exactly the same as the East European Platform.
"West Siberian Plain" - The sources of the river begin in the glaciers, replenished below melt snow waters. Iron ore is mined in the Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye and Kacharsky deposits. A lot of minerals are found in the West Siberian Plain. The length of the Irtysh in Kazakhstan is -1400 km. Minerals. Geological structure.
“Territory of the Russian Plain” - Journey through the territory of the Russian Plain. Complete tasks using maps, tutorial, additional material. How are rivers distributed across this plain? Karel i. Why are there so many wonderful corners of nature in this area? Travel across the Russian plain. Homework. The surroundings of Pskov.
"Siberian Plain" - Flat lowland district. Neither yar nor fall. Sit straight, free, without straining. Excessive moisture. ? ? ? ? High water on the rivers. Climate features of the West Siberian Plain. How can a person protect himself from annoying insects? Young plate, sedimentary rocks. Protecting people from annoying insects.
Siberia combines several natural zones at once. In geography, it is customary to distinguish Western and Eastern Siberia. Western Siberia runs from the Urals to the Yenisei, and Eastern Siberia from the Yenisei to the Pacific Ocean.
Western Siberia
The area of \u200b\u200bWestern Siberia is about 2.5 thousand square kilometers. Every tenth Russian lives here. Most of Western Siberia is located on the West Siberian Plain. The climate here is of a continental type. In winter, in Western Siberia, there are crackling frosts, and the temperature of the warmest summer month can reach +35 degrees.
This region from north to south is divided into several natural zones. Closer to the Arctic Ocean is the tundra zone, followed by the forest-tundra, forest, forest-steppe zone and the steppe.
The forest zone of Western Siberia is very boggy. Here is one of the largest swamps on the continent, which is called "Vasyugan swamps". Vasyugan swamps in their area exceed the area of \u200b\u200bSwitzerland and stretch from west to east for more than 570 kilometers.
Eastern Siberia
Eastern Siberia is located on the Asian territory of our country. Its area is more than 4 million square kilometers. The zone is mainly located here. In the north of Eastern Siberia there is a small area occupied by forest-tundra.
Eastern Siberia is characterized by the presence of permafrost. Under a layer of soil here lies an ice mass that has not melted over the years and even millennia. The climate in Eastern Siberia is sharply continental. Compared to Western Siberia, there is less rainfall, so in winter the snow power is relatively.
Eastern Siberia also consists of several natural zones. Here you can meet the Arctic deserts, and the zone of deciduous forests, and the steppes.
The northern regions of this part of Siberia are distinguished by long and cold winters. In February, here the thermometer column often drops to -50 degrees. Summer, on the contrary, is very hot. Closer to The Pacific the climate of Eastern Siberia is becoming temperate. Thanks south windblowing from the ocean, unique natural conditions. There are many endemic plants and rare species animals.
Forests in Eastern Siberia account for almost 50% of all forest resources Russian Federation. As a rule, they are represented conifers - pine, larch, cedar, fir.
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