Fundamentals of military intelligence. Ways of conducting intelligence Intelligence is the most important type of combat support

Military intelligence is a type of tactical intelligence. It is conducted by extractive intelligence agencies, allocated units and units of military intelligence, as well as designated motorized rifle, tank, machine-gun and artillery and paratrooper units.

Military intelligence target - eliminate the suddenness of the enemy’s actions and provide the commander and headquarters of the unit (unit, subunit) with data for the effective use of their forces and means. This is achieved by successfully completing the tasks of obtaining intelligence information about the enemy and the terrain.

Intelligence tasks depend on the specific conditions of the developing situation and are determined depending on the nature of the received combat mission.

They are divided into:

In completeness and volume - for general (covering a group of private missions) and private (depending on combat tasks (combat operations);

By priority of execution -for urgent (fulfilled by a certain deadline), extra-term (deadlines have not been set) and extraordinary (requiring immediate completion);

According to destination- aimed at obtaining intelligence information about the enemy and the area in the area of \u200b\u200bupcoming operations, information (collection, processing and communication of intelligence information) and others.

Enemy reconnaissanceconducted with tasks:

1. Establishment of combat personnel, equipment, combat readiness, position and grouping of troops (forces), especially nuclear, chemical attack weapons and precision weapons, objects (targets) for destruction, their location (coordinates) and degree of readiness for use.

2. The establishment of possible intentions (design) and the nature of the enemy’s actions, strengths and weaknesses.

3. Determination of the location of fire weapons, reconnaissance equipment, electronic warfare, air defense, command posts, as well as airfields and landing sites for army aviation.

4. Opening of the degree and nature of engineering equipment of lines, districts and positions.

5. Establishment of a system of barriers, especially nuclear mines.

6. Determination of the results of fire (nuclear, electronic and electronic strikes) strikes against the enemy.

7. The establishment of new means of struggle, techniques and methods of warfare (military operations).

8. Determining the degree of awareness of the enemy about our troops.

9. Establishment of the moral and psychological state of enemy troops and the local population.

Reconnaissance with the tasks to install:

1. features of the relief, the presence of natural obstacles, the condition of the soil, roads, trails, water sources;

2. nature of water barriers;

3. the presence of crossings and fords;

4. the degree of influence of the terrain on the movement and combat operations of troops, on the use of precision weapons, weapons of mass destruction and protection against them;

5. areas of destruction, fires and flooding, zones (areas) of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, possible directions for their circumvention (overcoming);

6. economic, sanitary-epidemiological and epizootic conditions of the combat zone.

The main efforts of military intelligence focus on the timely opening of the opposing enemy grouping, especially the location of nuclear and chemical attack systems, precision-guided weapons and electronic countermeasures systems, its design for action, combat readiness and readiness to strike.

Territory reconnaissance is an integral part of tactical reconnaissance, designed to provide commanders with data for the preparation and successful conduct of hostilities. Terrain reconnaissance tasks consist in obtaining the most complete and reliable information about its patency, protective properties, conditions of orientation, observation, camouflage, firing, etc. This information is necessary for commanders to assess the influence of the terrain on the performance of received combat missions, and quick orientation on it , the effective use of their fire and technical means, determining the most likely locations of fire weapons and military equipment of the enemy, his shelters, obstacles, as well as possible directions s his actions. Unit reconnaissance tasks for enemy and terrain are obtained during combat missions. Organization and continuous, purposeful reconnaissance along with enemy reconnaissance is one of the main duties of all commanders and headquarters.

The purpose of reconnaissance in each case is determined by the nature of the assigned combat mission. In anticipation of the march, for example, route reconnaissance is carried out in order to obtain data on the quality and condition of roads, possible routes of movement outside roads, the condition of bridges, fords, on the conditions for camouflage and orientation on the route. When organizing defense, special attention is paid to reconnaissance on the front line and in front of it, in order to identify and use favorable terrain conditions to create a fire system, surveillance, as well as provide for the possibility of maneuver and interaction in the conduct of defense. In offensive combat, reconnaissance is intended to establish the presence of advantageous approaches to the enemy’s defense, providing a stealth approach and shelter from fire, the presence and position of characteristic local objects and landforms in the attack direction, which can be used for target designation, withstanding the attack direction, etc. .

The main methods of reconnaissance of the area by the department are observation, direct inspection and inspection of the area. Surveillance is one of the most common methods of reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain. It is organized in all types of combat activities and is conducted continuously day and night. In conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out using night vision devices and other technical means, as well as means of lighting the terrain, and is supplemented by eavesdropping. The work of an observer in conducting intelligence begins with a detailed study of the terrain in the indicated sector. The terrain in the observation sector is recommended to first be examined with the naked eye, then examined in detail using optical instruments. In this case, the observer must remember the number, shape, size and location of all local objects in order to reveal the possible disguise of the enemy under these objects. To cover the entire sector with observation, it starts from itself, that is, from the near zone, and is carried out from left to right by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. Open areas are inspected faster, closed - more carefully. In order to self-control, a second inspection is carried out. The results of the observation are made out in the form of an observation scheme, according to which a report is kept on everything that has been noticed in the observation sector (band).

Direct inspection and survey of the area are widely used: during the actions of the sentinel squad (patrol car) in reconnaissance; if necessary, examine a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, not visible from one point of standing; when studying (reconnaissance) of certain local objects (river, forest, settlement, etc.). During patrol actions on a combat vehicle, the terrain is inspected on the go, from short stops or from a place convenient for observation. Direct inspection and examination of the terrain allows us to study the characteristic features of local objects and terrain with the greatest completeness and reliability, establish the presence of obstacles, evaluate the protective properties and terrain, determine the conditions for firing, orientation and camouflage. When exploring the forest, its size, density, the presence of roads, clearings, glades, the presence of wetlands, their cross-country ability and the ability to bypass are established. During road reconnaissance, faulty or destroyed sections and ways to bypass (detour) are identified; the condition of the ground or road surface; condition of bridges; changes that occurred on the terrain on the sides of the road, and their impact on the conditions of orientation and camouflage along the way, etc. During reconnaissance of a settlement, the main changes in the layout are determined; the appearance of new, especially stone, buildings; condition of water sources (wells); changes that occurred on the outskirts of the village. When exploring a swamp, its patency in a given period (season) of the year is determined; the presence of roads (paths) and possible paths of passage through the swamp off roads (paths); the nature of the vegetation, the degree of freezing and depth of the snow cover, etc. When exploring a river, its width, depth and speed are determined; the nature of the banks and hidden approaches to the banks of the river; the presence and characteristics of ford; the presence and condition of bridges; the thickness of the ice.

Simultaneously with the exploration of local objects, data are determined on the main forms and details of the relief, the depth and width of ravines (ravines), the prevailing steepness of slopes, the nature of the soil and the possibility of movement along slopes, along hollows, along the bottom of ravines, etc. Particular attention is paid to this on relief forms that can serve as hidden approaches to settlements, to the river and other objects that are important in the performance of a combat mission. The more specific scope and content of reconnaissance tasks is determined by the nature and content of the combat mission to be performed. If necessary, when examining and examining sites of significant size, a terrain scheme is drawn up with a brief written statement (legend) of information that cannot be displayed graphically.

Reconnaissance target in each case it is determined by the nature of the assigned combat mission. In anticipation of the march, for example, route reconnaissance is carried out in order to obtain data on the quality and condition of roads, possible routes of movement outside roads, the condition of bridges, fords, on the conditions for camouflage and orientation on the route. When organizing defense, special attention is paid to reconnaissance on the front line and in front of it, in order to identify and use favorable terrain conditions to create a fire system, surveillance, as well as provide for the possibility of maneuver and interaction in the conduct of defense. In offensive combat, reconnaissance is intended to establish the presence of advantageous approaches to the enemy’s defense, providing a stealth approach and shelter from fire, the presence and position of characteristic local objects and landforms in the attack direction, which can be used for target designation, withstanding the attack direction, etc. .

Main intelligence methods Terrain department are observation, direct inspection and examination of the terrain.

Observation - One of the most common methods of reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain. It is organized in all types of combat activities and is conducted continuously day and night. In conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out using night vision devices and other technical means, as well as means of lighting the terrain, and is supplemented by eavesdropping.

The work of an observer in conducting intelligence begins with a detailed study of the terrain in the indicated sector. The terrain in the observation sector is recommended to first be examined with the naked eye, then examined in detail using optical instruments. In this case, the observer must remember the number, shape, size and location of all local objects in order to reveal the possible disguise of the enemy under these objects.

To cover the entire sector with observation, it starts from itself, that is, from the near zone, and is carried out from left to right by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. Open areas are inspected faster, closed - more carefully. In order to self-control, a second inspection is carried out. The observation results are made out in the form of a monitoring scheme, according to which a report is kept on everything that has been noticed in the sectrum (band) of observation.

Direct inspection and survey of the area widely used: in the actions of the sentinel squad (patrol car) in reconnaissance; if necessary, examine a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, not visible from one point of standing; when studying (reconnaissance) of certain local objects (river, forest, settlement, etc.). During patrol actions on a combat vehicle, the terrain is inspected on the go, from short stops or from a place convenient for observation.

Direct inspection and examination of the terrain allows us to study the characteristic features of local objects and terrain with the greatest completeness and reliability, establish the presence of obstacles, evaluate the protective properties and terrain, determine the conditions for firing, orientation and camouflage. When exploring the forest, its size, density, the presence of roads, clearings, glades, the presence of wetlands, their cross-country ability and the ability to bypass are established.

During road reconnaissance, faulty or destroyed sections and ways to bypass (detour) are identified; the condition of the ground or road surface; condition of bridges; changes that occurred on the terrain on the sides of the road, and their impact on the conditions of orientation and camouflage along the way, etc.

When reconnaissance of a settlement, the main changes in the layout are determined; the appearance of new, especially stone, buildings; condition of water sources (wells); changes that occurred on the outskirts of the village.

When exploring a swamp, its patency in a given period (season) of the year is determined; the presence of roads (paths) and possible paths of passage through the swamp off roads (paths); nature of vegetation, degree of freezing and depth of snow cover, etc.

When exploring a river, its width, depth and speed are determined; the nature of the banks and hidden approaches to the banks of the river; the presence and characteristics of ford; the presence and condition of bridges; the thickness of the ice.

The more specific scope and content of reconnaissance tasks is determined by the nature and content of the combat mission to be performed. If necessary, when examining and examining sites of significant size, a terrain scheme is drawn up with a brief written statement (legend) of information that cannot be displayed graphically.

Excerpts from the book of Pavel Yakovlevich Popovskikh "Preparation of the military intelligence"
Recommended by the General Staff of the Ground Forces as a training tool
Moscow. Military publishing house. 1991 year

1. General rules for the inspection of terrain and local objects
Exploration of the terrain and local objects is carried out by observation from military vehicles in motion or from a place and inspection. For direct inspection of closed areas, suspicious places, local objects, obstacles, barriers, individual objects, sentinel patrols are assigned. Usually sentinels act in pairs (paired sentinels), but three to four people can be assigned. One of the sentinels is appointed by the elders.
In an open medium-rugged terrain, sentinels move one after another at a distance of 8-10 steps (3-5 steps at night), while the senior sentinel is at the back ready to come to the aid of the sentinel. The movement is carried out secretly, from one point planned for observation to another (Fig. 40). Points are selected with a good overview of the area and the necessary conditions for camouflage. Having reached the intended place, sentinels carefully examine it and the surrounding area. Having not found the enemy, the sentinel gives a signal “The path is free” After the signal has been sent, the sentinels advance to the next point or wait for the nucleus to approach (act according to the instructions of the commander) The sentinel compartment (sentinel core) is hidden, constantly monitors the sentinels in readiness to cover them with fire (Fig. . 47).
When observing the sentinel places, lying) hillock, tree, behind the building, in the bush
(Fig. 48). Observation should be conducted from the side on the shady side of the shelter (local object), without raising their heads high. When observing from a ditch, a ravine, one must strive so that their edge facing the enemy is lower than the edge located behind the spire. You can’t peek out from behind the fence (hedge). It’s better to find a gap for observation. From the window you should observe from the side from the back of the room.

The sentinels must dexterously, quickly, and carefully scout any local object or shelter (buildings are a group of shrub trees, a ravine, height, etc.), paying particular attention to reconnaissance signs by which the enemy and his tracks can be detected. Sentinels can identify the enemy not only by observation, but also by eavesdropping.

Surveying the terrain and local objects should begin with the maximum range using binoculars (a monitoring device), and closer than 400 m with the naked eye. Having established the absence of suspicious signs, the sentinels proceed to a direct inspection. Everything they see is immediately reported (they give a conditional signal) to the commander of the intelligence agency.

Table 5
Signals for communication with sentinels
Option

Conditional signals are set in advance; they should be well aware of the entire personnel of the patrol (Table 5). All signals should be given secretly from the enemy, but clearly and noticeably for those receiving them. During the signaling, observation towards the enemy does not stop. The giving signal should be convinced that its signal is understood.
When assigning signals, it is necessary to take into account that the signals given by hand or machine are visible during the day at a distance of 300-1000 m, signal flags - at 800-1500 m, a lantern at night - at 1000-1500 m, a rocket at day - up to 5000 m, at night - up to 15,000 m. The 7.62 mm bullet tracer is observed at night at a distance of up to 1000 m, and a projectile - at 2000-3000 m.
Scouts should not only understand well the established signals, but also be able to act on them. For example, on a signal “I see the enemy”, you need to immediately stop and take the nearest shelter (during actions on the combat vehicle, in addition, stop the engine), carefully watch the sentinels who have given the signal, strengthen surveillance in the direction of the appearance (detection) of the enemy and be prepared to the opening of fire. The commander of the intelligence agency determines in advance the actions of each soldier according to the signals and trains the personnel until he is convinced that everyone has learned their actions.

2. Features of intelligence in the mountains
Observation. During actions in the mountains, observers and observation posts are located at dominant heights with a large outlook and a small number of invisibility fields. However, not every high point can be a good place to observe. For observation, in the first place, places that differ in good close horizons are selected. It is not necessary for observation to be located directly on the top of the mountain (topographic ridge), it is more advantageous to choose a place for observation on stealth slopes at a certain distance from the top. When placing observers near local objects, it is necessary to settle down and conduct observation from the shadow side of the objects. It is not recommended for observation to occupy trees with bird nests, the screams and disturbing flight of which can unmask the observer.
Before starting the observation in the mountainous area, it is necessary to clarify the settlements in front of you where each path goes, the conventional names of landmarks and characteristic local objects (heights, peaks, gorges, etc.). It must be remembered that in the mountains the distances to landmarks and local objects are greatly concealed. At each observation post, it is advisable to have a scheme of invisibility fields and take measures to organize additional observation of them
The most reliable place for observers is the trench. But it is not always possible to equip it in the mountains, especially in rocky soil. Therefore, stones should be used for the equipment of the observation post: a parapet is made of them, and then it is covered with earth and carefully masked. It is advantageous to equip the position for the observation post with stones and boulders on rocky slopes, on which it merges well with the surrounding terrain.
At night, it is recommended that part of the observers be located at the foot and on the slopes of the heights in such a way as to observe from the bottom up and see the enemy against the sky, undetected. When observing using means of lighting the terrain, it is necessary to take into account the formation of shadows that hide the movement of the enemy.
Observation in the mountains at night is complemented by eavesdropping. The sound in the mountains increases dramatically, especially in fog, by the river, in the presence of snow cover, as well as after rain and in the morning, when the humidity is high. However, when organizing eavesdropping, it should be borne in mind that sounds in the mountains often change their initial direction (mountain echo) and reach the scout from the side opposite to the actual position of the source.
The task of eavesdropping is set on the ground, as a rule, in the dawn, from such a point from where you can see the place designated for eavesdropping. At the post, scouts are located in a triangle (forward angle). The senior is usually in front. Duties are distributed as follows: one listens to everything that is done in front of him and to the right, the second - in front and to the left, the third - behind. This method of action allows eavesdropping in all directions without spraying attention.
It is more profitable to arrange ambushes in the mountains along roads and trails passing through narrow valleys, gorges, ravines, and forest areas. However, it is not recommended to advance along mountain roads and trails so as not to be ambushed by oneself and not to be detected by the enemy. For secretive advancement to the ambush site, it is best to use difficult terrain.
Ambushes can be arranged both day and night. Night ambushes affect the enemy overwhelmingly, demoralize him, but in the conditions of mountains they require good preparation, training and coordination of the reconnaissance. The day itself is facilitated by ambush and stealth of actions by the terrain itself, and daytime conditions allow you to act more harmoniously and confidently.
Experience shows that it is more advantageous to be ambushed during actions in the mountains as follows: an attack group is located closer to a road, a trail; the rest of the personnel should be located on slopes of heights in two or three places so that the area of \u200b\u200bthe enemy’s appearance is shot through by fire of all means from all sides and ensures the actions of the attack group from all sides as well; observers, in the presence of visibility of the enemy’s approach routes from at least one place, may not be appointed.
Scouts can also set up ambushes in order to inflict losses on the enemy, hold up reserves, and impede movement on roads and trails.
In actions in the search, one of the most important conditions for success is to ensure a hidden and silent exit of scouts to the object. For these purposes, the distance between the soldiers during movement should be such that they ensure the transfer of commands (signals) with the touch of a hand, along the cord (rope) or in other silent ways. Scouts assigned to capture a prisoner should strive to take a more advantageous position, providing an attack on the enemy from top to bottom.
When flying, it is also advisable to attack from top to bottom, move using dead spaces. In front of the enemy, one must move by running or running, in dead space - by accelerated step or running, and to approach the enemy should be a throw or crawl.
Scouts acting as sentinels, when exploring a gorge (gorge), should pay special attention to inspecting the heights located on the sides of the gorge. To do this, they climb the slopes of heights on both sides of the gorge and carefully examine the gorge (gorge) from above. "Sentinels operating along the bottom of the gorge move slightly behind the sentinel ones following the heights. Particular attention is paid to inspecting rocky screes, piles of large stones, bushes and other places where enemy ambushes or observers can be located
Inspection of settlements located in lowlands (gorges) should be carried out from the slopes of nearby mountains. In this case, the mountains should be carefully explored from which it is planned to inspect the settlement, remembering that the enemy usually builds defense during the defense of the settlement by surrounding heights
When exploring a route in the mountains, scouts should carefully inspect it to identify established mines of artillery rockfalls, landslides, etc. The most convenient places to create such barriers are narrow sections of roads, sharp turns, serpentines, curtain rods, etc.
The pass is inspected by several groups (pairs) of sentinels simultaneously from the front and from the flank, starting from the heights adjacent to the pass
Due to the limited visibility, lower rates of reconnaissance, and also because of the difficulty in maintaining stable communication with signals and radio, the removal of sentinels may be less than under normal conditions.
It is recommended to inspect the height with two pairs of sentinels who bypass it along opposite slopes, and only after their signal the commander of the reconnaissance unit moves forward for a personal inspection of the front lying area. During reconnaissance, the height of the slopes, the nature of the terrain, the presence of hidden approaches and their accessibility, places open for observation to the enemy Hollows, ravines, groves, shrubs, buildings, ruins located at a height are inspected especially carefully, since in such places the enemy most often suits shelters and ambushes Such places, if they seem suspicious, can be fired at first, if the situation allows, and then inspected. On hills and crests of heights, you should not appear and linger.
When exploring a gorge, beams, you first need to examine the adjacent heights and places convenient for the enemy, and then inspect the beam with several pairs of sentinels. One pair goes along the bottom, the other along the sides or the nearest side roads. If it is not possible to inspect the entire gorge (gully, ravine), it is necessary to examine the most important areas that can be used by the enemy. When examining a small ravine, the senior sentinel moves along the edge of the ravine, and the sentinel moves along its bottom.
The core, until the inspection of the gorge (gully, ravine), the sentinel remains at its entrance or moves along the ramp. The sentinels, passing the gorge (gully, ravine) and not detecting the enemy, occupy places convenient for observation and firing at its exit, and then give a signal " The path is clear". After that, the core of the reconnaissance organ quickly passes through the gorge (ravine beam)

3. Exploration of the settlement
Sentinels begin reconnaissance of a locality by examining it from a distance, from a distance that allows it to be determined by characteristic signs to determine whether there is an enemy in it.
The presence of enemy troops in the village can be detected by increased barking of dogs, smoke from camp kitchens, burning stoves at unusual times, and the absence of people in the fields and vegetable gardens, especially during field work. Traces of tanks, combat vehicles at the entrance (exit), the sounds of the engines give out the presence of mechanized units and subunits. The presence of antenna devices (radio and radio relay stations) on the outskirts or near a settlement, a pole cable line or traces of shallow cables, and a landing pad for helicopters indicates the location of the command post.
You can determine the firing point installed in the foundation of the house by the cleared sector for shooting (by the absence of part of the fence or by cut down trees, etc.), the difference in color from the general background, the reinforcement of the walls with additional masonry or sandbags. In winter, the embrasure can be seen by the couple emerging from it. In wooden houses, firing points can be found by freshly sawing logs during embrasures, reinforcing walls, and coating them with compounds that make fire difficult. Embrasures are usually located closer to the corners of buildings.
In buildings prepared for defense or occupied by enemy observers, usually there are no signs of life and it seems that there is nobody there, but it is this void that should alert the scouts.
When examining a settlement, one should pay attention to bushes, trees, separate buildings, deep ditches, ravines on the outskirts of the settlement, where the enemy can have security units, as well as roofs, attics, windows of tall buildings, factory chimneys from where he can observe .
After the inspection, sentinels came out, hiding behind trees, bushes, canals from the side of vegetable gardens, orchards, vineyards, outbuildings and the back of residential buildings, penetrate the settlement and inspect the buildings on the outskirts (Fig. 49), if there are residents in them, they interview them .
In the village of rural type sentinels advance in vegetable gardens, gardens, courtyards.

You should not move close to the buildings and the areas viewed from windows and doors. It is advisable to conduct reconnaissance of an urban-type settlement with two pairs of sentinels (Fig. 50). Moving at short intervals in pairs on one

Level on opposite sides of the street, they are observing, covering each other. In the village occupied by the enemy, sentinels advance, using yards, breaches in walls and other hidden paths, from one building to another.
When examining buildings from the inside, the senior guard remains outside, being ready to assist the sentinels and maintaining visual communication with the commander. Sentinels, examining the inside of the building, leave the front door open. Entering a residential building, you must first interview the owner and do not let him go until the inspection is completed. During inspection, special attention should be paid to attics and basements. In an empty room, on the street and in the yard, touching things, objects is not recommended, as they can be mined.
In preparation for retreat and when retreating, the enemy often sets mines-traps, mines the entrances to buildings, structures, courtyards, etc. In these cases, it is recommended to open the door with a rope from behind the shelter or penetrate through the windows. If the situation allows, for penetrating into a building with tightly closed doors, you can use explosive charges, a shot from a grenade launcher or guns of a combat vehicle, a hand grenade.
You need to enter the room carefully in readiness to open fire (Fig. 51) or immediately after the explosion of a grenade thrown there.

The actions of sentinels visiting the village should be observed by the commander. After the inspection, he puts forward a sentinel department to the settlement. If the scouts operate on military vehicles (tanks), the sentinel department skips the settlement after being examined by the sentinels at an increased speed and only then does the core of the reconnaissance body pass it.
In large settlements, the patrol core follows the sentinel compartment (sentinel units) as they are inspected from quarter to quarter.
Mining buildings and barriers discovered in the village are indicated by signs or graffiti. Inscriptions made by the enemy, conventional signs, road signs are copied and, together with the documents found (captured), are sent to the senior boss. When leaving the settlement in front, the lying terrain is carefully viewed and further movement is organized so that the locals cannot determine the true direction of the reconnaissance.

4. Inspection of the forest, grove, shrub
Inspection of the forest is recommended to begin by observing its edge from afar. Signs of the presence of an enemy in the forest may include: take-off and screams of birds; traces of wheels and tracks of military vehicles leading to or from the forest; broken branches and tattered bark on trees, the smoke of bonfires and field kitchens; the noise of motors, movement at the edge of the forest, the sparkle of glass, metal parts of vehicles and military equipment

If the enemy is not detected at the edge of the forest (grove), the sentinels advance to the edge. A small grove is inspected, passing along its edge and in depth. A large but rare forest (a section of forest) is visible through a chain of pedestrian patrols and vehicles (Fig. 52). In the forest, sentinels move without losing sight of each other. Trees at the edge of the forest and in the depths of the forest should be carefully examined from the bottom up to identify observers and snipers of the enemy.

Removal of sentinels from each other and from the core of the intelligence organ in the forest is reduced. Fighting vehicles move along the road along its edge, and if possible, through the forest and along the glades. A thorough inspection is carried out not only of the edges, tops of trees, but also dense thickets, debris, entrances and exits in narrow places (bridges, gati, ravines, valleys) and other places convenient for the location of enemy ambushes. Scouts identify obstacles and barriers with pointers or serifs on trees, look for them and show how to get around them. Blockages in the first place must be scouted for mines. When operating on military vehicles, the blockage can be pulled apart, clinging to the tops or lands of trees with a cable.
When conducting reconnaissance in the forest, one should periodically stop (to stop engines during actions on combat vehicles) and listen. It should be borne in mind that in the forest there is good audibility, but sound often spreads in the form of an echo, so a distorted idea of \u200b\u200bthe direction and number of sound sources can be created.
When observing in the forest, you should not focus on trees and shrubs in the vicinity. You need to look beyond what surrounds the scout, through the gaps in the trees, thickets, foliage. In a large forest for scouting, scouts climb tall trees. At the same time, the enemy can be detected by smoke, rising dust, installed antennas and other signs visible above the tops of trees.
When walking on foot, you need to move silently in the forest without breaking branches, bypass or step over dry logging, as the crunch of branches in calm weather is heard in the forest at a distance of 100 m or more. Preparing for actions in the forest, you need to learn to distinguish the natural noise of the forest from artificial rustles, imitate the sounds of forest inhabitants for conditional communication among themselves
When moving through the forest, it is recommended to hide behind tree trunks, bypass forest glades; clearings and open spaces to overcome with a throw, and if necessary, crawling. In calm weather, you need to be careful so that the vibrations of vegetation do not give out their presence. Bree wind, when the bushes and tree branches sway, the enemy is more difficult to spot scouts. In a wooded area, one should not, unless absolutely necessary, especially when operating on military vehicles, pave the way through large forests. The movement of cars in the forest is difficult, and sometimes impossible. To orient and maintain direction in a dense forest, especially at night, it is recommended to move along the linear landmarks of the forest edges, clearings, river banks, lakes, secondary roads, etc.), often comparing the azimuth of movement with the compass. If the orientation is lost, the movement needs to be stopped, the orientation should be resumed, and then the movement should be continued again. If you could not establish your location in one way or another, you need to report to the senior boss and act on his instructions.
If the scouts are near a forest fire, it is recommended to go upwind or seek shelter on the shallows of rivers, lakes, and exposed sections of swamps. With severe smoke and difficulty breathing, to facilitate it, you need to take to the grass or water, where the air is cleaner. Before leaving the forest, you should carefully examine the exits and the surrounding area from the edge of the forest or from a tree. In this case, the tree should not be chosen at the very edge of the edge, but covered with branches of other trees and there should be no clearance behind it. If there is a suspicion that the edge and exits from the forest are viewed by the enemy, you should look for another way away from the road, clearings or paths.

5. Exploration of the swamps
Exploration of the swamp is usually carried out in order to determine its patency and the choice of ways (directions) to bypass or overcome it. At first it is recommended to examine it from elevated points or from tall trees. During the inspection, the nature of the surface and vegetation of the swamp is established, the presence of paths, roads, water surfaces and watercourses, peat mines, as well as clearly visible landmarks are determined. The inspection allows you to obtain indicative indications of the swamp patency by external signs, determine which direction should be explored first places and careful inspection of the swamp can significantly reduce the time and effort for its direct examination and exploration
To select a route of movement through a swamp, first of all, sections and directions where roads, trails, and pine grows are examined
When exploring a peat bog, the thickness and density of the peat layer are determined, and, if necessary, the depth and quality of the soil of the bottom of the swamp under the peat layer The patency of the studied area is determined by the density of the surface peat layer (Table 6)

Table 6
Peat bog patency

* 1 kgf / cm2 \u003d 9.80665 104 Pa
Check the thickness of the peat layer, the density of the soil bottom can be using a metal pin with a diameter of 20 mm with notches through 10 cm or scrap removed from the fighting vehicle

6. Exploration of water barriers
When reconnaissance of water obstacles, the presence, combat composition and location of the enemy, the nature of his defense, the engineering equipment of positions and barriers on both banks of the river are determined, sections (places) convenient for crossing troops
Exploration of the river begins with an examination of the approaches to it. Particular attention is paid to heights, groves, settlements, roads and other places that the enemy can use to equip positions and ambush
If you do not find the enemy at the approaches to the water barrier, you need to secretly advance as close as possible to the water edge, select a point convenient for observation and inspect the opposite shore and the water surface. Following the tracks left by military equipment when entering and leaving the water, disturbing natural contours and backgrounds, smoke camp kitchens, bonfires and other unmasking signs determines the presence and location of the enemy, the nature of the engineering equipment of the positions
If the scouts are tasked with choosing or clarifying the places for the troops to cross a certain section, it is recommended to go to the river and start inspecting somewhat downstream, so that by the nature of the floating debris and objects to judge the presence of the enemy in the surveyed area If the situation allows, you can fire at the opposite bank with fire from small arms to provoke the enemy in retaliation.
When choosing sections (places) convenient for crossing, the width, depth, speed of the river, the nature of the bottom and banks, the presence and condition of existing bridges and fords, local crossing facilities and materials, the possibility of their use by troops in winter examines the ice cover of the river: thickness and ice structure (absence
snow, water and air layers), the presence and nature of wormwood, washings
The site is examined by sentinels along the coast from the bottom up under the cover of the core of the intelligence organ. If the number allows, for the quickest completion of the task you need to go to the river in several places at the same time within the assigned

Fig. 53. Sentry department for ford reconnaissance

For exploration of the site In the places chosen for the organization of crossings, you need to make sure that there are no mine-explosive barriers
Sentinels (sentinel squad) are first transported to the opposite shore under the cover of the reconnaissance authority’s core (Fig. 53). Sentinels use local crossing means and materials (boat, raft, tree, etc.) to sail across a deep river. It is recommended that a strong rope be attached to the crossing so that in case of sudden danger and quickly pull out the sentinels to your shore using a combat vehicle or with your hands. Crossing, sentinels (up to
130 inspection department) inspect the landing site, determine the possibility of fighting vehicles leaving the water and ensure the crossing of the rest of the personnel and combat vehicles
The width of the river in the places designated for crossing is preliminarily determined by the map according to the explanatory inscription and the symbol (one or two lines). Thus, on a map with a scale of 1 / 100,000, a river up to 10 m wide is depicted in one line, from 10 to 60 m in two lines with an interval between them of 0.3 mm, more than 60 m - two lines on the map scale
Upon direct inspection, the width of the river is determined using a range finder, a radar station, binoculars and other means, as well as by measuring with a rope, cord, wire
The width of the river can be measured by the method of sighting. For this, you need to stand on the source bank at the water edge facing the opposite bank and, applying a flat object (tablet, book, box, etc.) to your forehead, tie the edge of this peak to the water edge of the opposite bank, then, holding the visor in the same position, turn around, without leaving a place, face along the original shore

And notice the point of sight at the water edge on the source bank. The measured distance in a straight line from the point of standing to the point of sight on the source bank will be approximately equal to the width of the river.
It is more difficult to use the similarity method for triangles, but it is more accurate (Fig. 54). To measure the width of the river in this way, you should select the reference point O on the opposite shore on the opposite bank, and reference point A opposite the selected reference point O (in the absence, set a milestone). Then measure the distance from A at a right angle to the OA line (for example, 50 steps) and set the milestone B while continuing to move along the same line, measure the same distance from B as AB (in our example, 50 steps), and from the obtained point In at right angles to the line AB measure the distance of the VG to the intersection with the line of sight of the HBO. The VG distance will be equal to the width of the river. The BVG Triangle can be built 2 (3) times less, while to determine the width of the river (OA), the GV distance must be doubled (tripled).
The depth of the river is measured by direct measurement using a pole or rope with a load at the end (on rivers with a weak current).
The river flow velocity is usually divided into weak (up to 0.5 m / s), medium (from 0.5 to 1 m / s) and fast (more than 1 m / s). According to the map, the flow velocity is determined by the inscription or by the nature of the relief: in the mountains - fast, on hilly terrain - mostly medium, on the plain - weak
To measure the speed of the current along the shore, a certain distance is noticed. Then a bit more upstream, closer to the middle of the river, a float is thrown (piece of wood, a bunch of grass, etc.) and it is determined how many seconds the thrown float floats a known distance. Dividing this distance in meters by time in seconds, get the speed of the river
The nature of the bottom soil in the ford region along with its width and depth is usually signed on the map. In addition, the nature of the river bottom can be estimated by the speed of its flow. So, at a watercourse speed of 0.1-0.2 m / s, its bottom is mostly muddy. A sandy or clayey average density bottom occurs on rivers with a flow velocity of 0.3–1.0 m / s. On fast rivers, the bottom is dense, clayey with gravel and pebbles; on mountainous ones, large pebbles and boulders.
Brody, which the local population uses systematically, is easily detected by the cliff of the road (trails, ruts) near the water and its continuation on the opposite bank. Other signs of ford are: visible shallows with clear water; places with sloping banks where the river expands and forms spills; small ripples on the surface of the water with a weak current; water drops. Wet rivers, the beds of which are overgrown with reeds of sedge, algae, are in most cases unsuitable for fording due to the high stubbornness and viscosity of the bottom.
It is necessary to choose a ford in places where the coast is accessible for military and other equipment to approach it. It should be flat, with dense soil, especially on the opposite bank when leaving the water. The ford on small rivers is examined by their direct reconnaissance, on large - from boats or pole rafts. A pole enters the muddy soil easily, clay and sand - with difficulty. When determining the depth of a ford with a muddy bottom, together with a layer of water, the sludge layer to solid soil is taken into account. When choosing a place for fording, the speed of the river flow should be taken into account (Table 7).

Table 7
The maximum depth of ford, m, when crossing personnel and equipment

The density of the soil on the shore can be determined using an infantry or sapper shovel. A shovel with a hand or light foot pressure freely enters completely into soft soil - such a section is unsuitable for organizing the crossing of troops. For crossing, you need to choose a section of the coast with dense soil, into which the shovel goes with difficulty and it is not possible to deepen it immediately to the entire bayonet,
The descent into the water should not be steeper than 15 ° for off-road vehicles and armored personnel carriers and 20 ° for tanks and combat vehicles, exit from

Fig. 55. Determination of the steepness of entry into the water (exit from the water)
water - respectively 5-8 and 15 °. The steepness of the shore at the entrance and exit from the water can be measured using a protractor or commander (officer) ruler (Fig. 55). To do this, a plumb (a thread with a load) is attached to the center of the protractor. Standing on the shore, they sight along the line of the protractor’s base on an object (pole) equal to the height of the observer to the eyes and put into the water 2-3 meters from the shore. The angle between the 90 ° index on the protractor and the plumb line indicates the steepness of entering or leaving water. A reconnaissance body consisting of two or three combat vehicles can overcome a water obstacle with less dense soil at the point of crossing (a shovel with the pressure of a foot plunges into the ground with a bayonet). However, when entering and especially when leaving the water on such a shore, it is not recommended to drive
trace in trace, so that when punching the ground with caterpillars (wheels) and soaking it with splashed water, the cars coming next should not settle on the bottom.
Bridges, if not destroyed by the enemy, are important reconnaissance objects. At the exit to the bridge, it turns out whether he is defending himself by the enemy. Upon detection of the enemy, it is necessary to determine its strength, the location of the firearms and immediately report to the commander; continue to act on his instructions. If the bridge is not defended, its carrying capacity, the dimensions of the main elements (length and width) and the material from which it is made are established. Reinforced concrete, concrete, stone and metal bridges provide, as a rule, the passage of tracked vehicles weighing 60-80 tons.

In winter, water barriers can be overcome on ice (Table 8). The strength of the ice crossing is determined mainly by the thickness of the ice. The thickness of the ice is measured with an ice meter or a shovel through holes punched in ice after 5-10 m from one another in the middle of the river and after 3-5 m - off the coast. Wells break through in two rows 10 m to the left and right of the crossing axis.

Table 8
Load capacity and throughput of ice crossing at air temperature below zero

Note When the air temperature is held for several days above 0 degrees, the carrying capacity of the ferry is reduced by 25% compared to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in the table.
When determining the thickness of ice, snow and snow ice, which often forms on the surface of the ice cover, are not taken into account (Fig. 56).

The ice is inspected especially carefully offshore, it is found out the strength of the connection with the shore, whether there are cracks and faults in the ice, does it hang over water. Hanging of ice is determined through the holes: if the water in them protrudes 0.8-0.9 times the thickness of the ice, then the ice does not hang above the water. The lack of water in the wells indicates that the ice freezes. The exit of equipment to it in this place is not allowed. A void under the ice usually forms near steep sections of the coast.
One of the signs of ice strength is its color. During thaw rains, ice becomes white (dull), and sometimes yellowish - such ice is unstable and dangerous even for foot scouts. Dark spots of ice with a weak snow cover indicate the presence of a ravine or wormwood in this place. The most durable is ice with a bluish or greenish tint. Usually the ice is stronger in a clean and deep place, less strong - near the undergrowth. Threshold and estuarine sections of tributaries should be avoided - here thin ice can be throughout the winter.
In the spring, 4-5 days after the appearance of melt water on ice, ice becomes fragile and unsuitable for transporting equipment.

7. Reconnaissance of engineering barriers
Minefields
The basis of engineering barriers is mine-explosive barriers. They are installed in the form of minefields, groups (foci) of mines and individual mines (explosive charges). For the installation of mine-explosive barriers, anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-airborne, anti-vehicle, signal and special mines are installed manually, using mechanization tools and remote mining systems (Appendix 4). Mine-explosive barriers are very often arranged in combination with non-explosive barriers - wire, rubble, destruction, grooves, hedgehogs, etc.
By purpose, minefields of the Soviet Army are divided into anti-tank, anti-vehicle, anti-personnel and combined. US Army minefields are subdivided into defensive, tactical, focal, prohibitory and false. The army of Germany distinguishes between defensive, defensive, harassing and false minefields.
Protective minefields are installed to directly cover positions and objects - the starting positions of missiles, command posts, airfields, warehouses, etc. Anti-tank, anti-personnel mines and various signaling devices are used. Mines are set manually or using mechanized means in such a way that they can be quickly removed 6 Installation scheme standard or arbitrary (non-standard). Minefields are covered by the fire of security and defense units.
Tactical (defensive) minefields are established to cover the front, flanks and joints of battle formations of the defending forces. Mines are installed in the ground or on the surface, usually according to the standard scheme. Such a minefield may have from three to nine mine strips. Its length, as a rule, does not exceed 450 m. The density of anti-tank mines in it should be at least two per 1 m of the front of the mine field. In addition, it is enhanced by anti-personnel high-explosive mines. Focal minefields are set within the reach of their own means of destruction in order to disrupt the military formations of the enemy, force him to turn around, create favorable conditions for destruction by air strikes and artillery fire. Installed in all ways, including remote mining systems.
The prohibiting minefields are similar to focal, but are set out of reach of the means of destruction, usually by means of remote mining.
Disturbing minefields are erected during retreat and containment activities. Mines in this case are set haphazardly, with maximum stealth combined with false mines and trap mines. Landing traps can be time-sheets or manufactured in armies from hand grenades, artillery shells and mines, bombs and other ammunition.
False minefields are arranged to mislead the enemy, especially about the boundaries of actual minefields.
The minefield, established according to the standard scheme (Fig. 57), has at least three main minefields

Stripes and front (harassing) row. Each main strip consists of two rows of min cells (groups) located in three steps on either side of the center (axial) line of the strip. The distance between the centers of the cells in a row is six steps, between the center lines of the strips - at least eighteen steps. These distances may vary by location.
A cell can have from one to five minutes depending on their type, purpose and density of the minefield. The main mine is set in the cell at a distance of three steps from the axis of the strip, the remaining mines - one or two steps from the main.
In the front row, the cells are located without a system, but the installation order of mines in the cells is the same as in the main bands.
Anti-tank mines are set using a mine-trap, the rest - manually. Anti-personnel mines of a tension action are installed in the first row from the enemy.
From non-standard schemes of protective minefields, mine belts, guided and towed mines, are common.
The mine belt is arranged from anti-tank mines, which are usually installed on the surface in six steps from one another.
Guided mines are driven by the observer when the enemy (target) appears. Towed mines, a mine barrier (Fig. 58), can be used to selectively hit a target mainly on roads and in narrow passages.
All minefields located by the enemy on their territory, in their rear area, are fenced. For this purpose, a single-row fence in two strands of barbed wire is usually used. The fence should be removed from the nearest mines by at least twenty steps. On the upper thread of the wire, located approximately at the height of the person’s belt, yellow signs with the words “Mines” are fastened every fifteen steps.
Passages in minefields are indicated by standard, rectangular with arrows signs, which at night are equipped with signal lights facing the sides of their troops. In the field, passages can be indicated by inconspicuous objects visible from the front edge.
When installing minefields, each strip of the minefield is tied to the ground and wooden or metal pegs are hammered flush into the ground at its ends and turns, the detection of which will help an experienced scout to open the mining system.

Minefields are located nearby units. At night, secrets may be exposed on the line or in front of the outer border of the minefield.
Two degrees of minefield readiness are foreseen. The first is full combat readiness (unguided mines are finally equipped and installed, and the guided ones are put into a combat position; the fences, where necessary, are removed) In the second degree of readiness, minefields are set up in the deep rear when moving to defense. At the same time, unguided mines have been installed, but have not been put into a combat position, guided mines are in a safe position, the mine fields themselves are completely fenced. Most often, mining is carried out immediately according to the first degree of readiness.
Mine fields are detected visually by unmasking signs and using special tools.
The unmasking signs of minefields, groups of mines, single mines and landmines are: uncleared land after the installation of mines, forgotten capping and abandoned labels from mines and fuses; scattered thick oiled paper, plastic film, abandoned tools and accessories for mining, reference and installation pegs; small tubercles located in a certain sequence, in contrast to the general background of the surrounding area; minefield fencing with signs or traces of a removed fence (stakes, scraps of barbed wire, forgotten signs), the presence of wires in a controlled minefield, traces of people and cars staying and working.
In wartime, important objects that can be used by the enemy (bridges, tunnels, stations, rolling stock, runways, structures at airfields, warehouses, key industrial facilities and other structures) are being prepared for destruction by demolition using conventional explosives or nuclear devices. For these purposes, delayed-action explosive devices controlled by radio or by wire are usually used. Explosion control lines are protected from external influences and carefully masked. Near the main charges can be set mines-traps (surprises). Objects prepared for the explosion are protected by special cover units.
Single mines, land mines and trap mines are installed on the paths of movement of troops, in settlements, on abandoned defenses, equipment and weapons. These explosive devices can be found in the most unexpected places. In settlements, they mine public and empty buildings, shops, vehicles, water sources, etc. They can be installed at the entrance to the courtyard, into the house, under windows, in basements, pantries, in attics, in the voids between floors and floor ceilings , in ventilation pipes, mines. Traps (surprises), in addition, are mined lighting and ventilation devices, television and radio devices, furniture, things that are curious and of value. On the routes of troop movement, single mines (groups of mines) and landmines can be installed on ruts and roadsides, on ramps and blockages on the road, in clearings and in places convenient for parking equipment, headquarters, position warehouses and artillery units
When exploring single mines, landmines and mines-traps, special attention should be paid to damage or violation of the integrity of the roadbed, curb, soil surface, local objects, buildings, etc .; inscriptions and signs that may serve as signs of danger to the enemy; Wells, gutters and natural shelters left intact; stretched wire; materials left during the manufacture of min-traps (nails, wire, rope, etc.); any item of local household goods that can be budged or valuable.
Scouts operating in landmine-rich areas on combat vehicles and armored personnel carriers are advised to sit on them with bags of a dog and not to tightly close the hatches of vehicles. These protective measures, applied by the personnel of a limited contingent of Soviet troops in the Republic of Afghanistan, have saved lives for many.
For the reconnaissance and neutralization of mine-explosive barriers, mine detectors and time-based reconnaissance and clearance kits are used.
Mine detectors of various types, as a rule, consist of units and blocks of the same purpose. Typically, a mine detector has a search frame mounted on a rod, a cassette for current sources, a connecting cable, a generator unit, headphones, a shortened steel probe, and a bag for stacking power sources mounted on the main link of the rod.
The reconnaissance and demining kit includes prefabricated probes, cats with ropes, flags, wire shears and reels with a black and white ribbon.
Probes are used in the exploration of mines and charges, as a rule, in non-metallic cases. In the absence of industrial probes, a home-made probe or bayonet is used. If you suspect the possibility of using mines with magnetic fuses or fuses of an unknown type in this place, copper probes, fiberglass probes or copper wire should be used.
Mines are searched in the ground while standing and whether lying down, depending on the situation. In the standing position with a long probe (all links of the handle are used), it is necessary to gently and carefully pierce the soil in front of you at an angle of 20-40 ° to the surface, carefully inspecting it. In the prone position, use a short probe (one link), while the uniform sleeves should be rolled up to increase sensitivity when touching the tension wire.
When prospecting with a probe, a strip no more than 1.5 m wide to a depth of about 15-20 cm is simultaneously examined, punctures are made every 5-10 cm of soil. When the probe meets a solid object in the ground, sensing in this place must be stopped and hands carefully remove the earth around this object in order to inspect it.
Detecting mines using a mine detector significantly reduces reconnaissance time. At the same time, the search element (frame) is held no closer than 10 cm from the surface of the earth. Within a radius of 1 m there should be no metal objects. The search for mines consists in the fact that the scout, moving in the right direction, smoothly and continuously moves the search element to the right and left above the ground at a height of no more than 10 cm and forward by 15-20 cm. The width of the simultaneously surveyed strip is 1-1.5 m . When changing the control tone in the headphones (the tone is set before starting work), the scout must stop and clarify the location of the detected object, inspect the place. If a mine is found, it must be marked with a flag (peg, branch, pebble) or fenced for subsequent destruction. When detecting minefields using optical means or engineering means, their boundaries, their passages and bypass routes are determined. These data are mapped and reported to the senior manager.
If it is impossible to bypass or overcome the minefield in another way, a passage is made in it. Army scouts make a passage with cats by pulling mines from a place. The cat’s mine is removed in the following order: carefully remove the masking layer and dig up the mine with your hands without touching the cat, take cover no closer than 30 m (lie down on the ground no closer than 50 m) and pull the mine from the place with a rope, wait 30 seconds and after that, approaching the mine, inspect it and see if there is another mine in the hole. Pulling mines from a hole in frozen or rocky ground can be done through a slingshot. After the mine is pulled off and there is no explosion, you can carefully take it with your hands, transfer it and put it in a safe place (outside the passage).
Before proceeding with the passage in the minefield, it is necessary, not reaching 10-15 m to its border, to throw a cat into the depth of the minefield and to pull it out by the rope lying down. Thereby, a minefield site is wiped with the aim of destroying anti-personnel mines of a tension effect. Usually, a trail 2.5-3 m wide is neutralized with one trawl. To make a wider passage, trawling is performed twice or by two scouts simultaneously. Trawling is repeated as it moves into the depth of the minefield.

A scout, single-handedly making a passage in a minefield, when moving straight ahead pulls a black and white tape, fortified at one end by a belt. If necessary, take out the removed mine or leave for shelter to remove the mine by the cat, he fixes the end of the tape with a pin (peg) and leaves the minefield along the tape; return for further work is done in the same way.
When making a passage in a minefield with three, four, or a detachment, scouts move in steps to the right or left (Fig. 59) with a distance from each other of no more than 1.5 m along the front (to the width of the terrain with a probe or mine detector) and 10-12 m in depth. Each scout ties a piece of black and white tape 10-12 m long to the belt so that the one walking behind can navigate it. The squad leader or a scout moving in the middle unwinds a black and white tape fixed at its beginning along the center line of the passage. Mines are sought and designated. After reconnaissance of the passage, the scouts return along a black and white tape. Detected mines are removed from the place one by one pulling method and carried out of the passage or undermined in place by overhead charges. The passage made is indicated by tape on both sides. In its absence, you can use a bandage, as scouts often did during the years of World War II. It is forbidden to remove mines manually and disarm them to military scouts who do not have special training and experience in such work; scouts do it.
When removing a mine manually, the sapper must follow this sequence of work *
set the exact location of the mine;
expose the mine, carefully removing the earth with your hands from the sides and from above, to the touch, check for the presence of wire and non-removable elements;
determine the type of mine and make sure that there is no internal disruptive chain;
disconnect all drive devices located on top and sides of the mine,
dig a hole on one side of the mine and use a probe or hand to check for the presence of a bottom fuse (non-removable element). If a fuse is detected, it should be neutralized. Inspection of the bottom of the mine is more convenient to do using a small mirror;
carefully raise the mine and take it to a safe place or put it outside the aisle. You should not raise a mine if the mine or fuse has obvious signs of damage.
A mine-trap (surprise), if its explosion does not threaten anything, it is best to destroy it with the help of a cat or overhead charge. If it is necessary to remove and defuse the mine trap, it is necessary, without touching it, to find the fuse, actuators and additional devices, following the stretched wire, inspect the fuses, insert safety checks and only then cut the stretch. Then, without shifting the charge of the mine, cut the detonating Detach the cord or wire connecting the charge to the detonated fuse, disconnect the fuse, igniter and charge and put it in a safe place.
Mine Safety Precautions
You need to work with the mine alone, carefully checking the soil around the mine
Do not pull lightly stretched wire and cut tightly stretched wire
If there is an electric wire twisted in half, each core needs to be cut separately. If a single wire is detected, it cannot be overwhelmed with it, since there can be two wires in the braid. Before cutting such a wire, you need to find the power source and disconnect it. Never use force
It is impossible to remove the mine of an unfamiliar design with your hands and dig it in with metal objects. It must be removed by the cat, and the cat does not cling directly to the mine, but drags it so that the mine engages and detaches

Wire fences
Wire barriers are usually used as anti-personnel barriers in the engineering equipment of defensive lines, areas, strongholds and positions. They are also the most common type of fencing of objects (warehouses, bases, supply points, airfields, stationary control centers for troops and weapons, etc. ) Often wire fences are reinforced by mining. The most important objects and hazardous areas can be fenced with an electrified wire fence, sound) and light alarm. The simplest alarm systems during the war were empty tin cans tied to rows of wire.
For the installation of wire fences, wooden stakes with a diameter of 7.5-10 cm, a length of 1.5-2 m and special metal stakes screwed into the ground with various lengths are used.
The most typical wire fences are a three-row standard spiral, a reinforced wire fence with a spacing of two, four or six steps between the stakes, a tape spiral Important stationary objects are usually enclosed by a standard fence. In addition, portable wire barriers - slingshots, hedgehogs, spirals, nets, garlands, etc. can also be used (Fig. 60).
A characteristic feature of a wire fence during visual observation is the location of the stakes in a relatively correct order. At the edge of the forest, wire fences may appear next to stakes of the same height, and in the snow - a dark stripe
When exploring a wire fence, it is necessary to determine the approaches to it, to establish the nature of the fence itself, the installation method, depth and length, reinforcement by mining, alarm, electrification.

The passage in the wire fence is done with scissors, a bayonet-knife, slingshots or undermining (Fig. 61). When doing the passage manually, you need to wear gloves or wrap your hands with a piece of tarpaulin or a raincoat.

Together, the passage is done in the following order. One of the scouts grabs the lower thread with his hand, and the other cuts it at the stake. So that the steel wire, springing together, does not hurt the scouts and does not make noise during sharp twisting, after trimming its end must be strengthened by sticking it into the ground outside the passage. When making a pass alone, the wire is held by one hand, and the threads are cut at the stake with the other hand. The upper threads are cut lying on their backs, and are held and removed using a stick or slingshot split at the end.
You can make a passage by breaking the wire with the edge of a shovel or an ax near the stake, pulling and holding the wire with your other hand, and sometimes undermining the stakes with a grenade. However, these methods can be used only in the case when the noise produced in this case does not unmask the scouts and does not hinder the task.
You can overcome the wire fence without cutting the wire. In this case, you need to raise the lower threads of the wire with wooden slingshots or undermine the ground under them. A wire fence can be overcome with the help of a mat of reeds or straw thrown onto it, boards, poles, stairs, overcoats, etc.
When operating on military vehicles, wire fences are overcome by hand-made passages, by explosive means or by hitting the barriers. At the same time, it is recommended to direct the caterpillar of the machine to a number of stakes, and not between them and lightly.
the caterpillar broke and crushed the stake along with a row of wires, and then a second caterpillar hit the car, and then tightened the car across the fence.
Mined wire fences are first cleared, and then passages are made in the right places.
Electrified wire fences are detected by external signs: the presence on the stakes of insulators, plastic, rubber; burnt grass at the fence; at night, sparks are visible, jumping from the wire to the grass in contact with it. You can check the obstacle by throwing a piece of wire from afar so that one end falls onto the wire and the other on the ground. If the soil is moist or grassy, \u200b\u200bsparks and smoke appear.
Using a telephone (headphones), an electric current in the fence can be detected as follows. At a right angle to the obstacle, two groundings are made: one - not closer than 5 m, the other - at a distance of 50-200 m. When you connect them with a cable to the telephone, a buzz is heard in the telephone (headphones).
The simplest electrified wire fences are overcome by digging. With dry and devoid of vegetation soil, the depth of digging from the surface of the earth should be at least 0.6 m, and the width should be at least 0.75 m. Special electrified wire fences with high voltage cannot be overcome in this way. When operating on military vehicles, electrified barriers are not overcome until they are de-energized.
Unobtrusive wire barriers (MW), if they are not reinforced by mining, can be overcome by pulling them in parts or by drawing boards, mats, metal fittings, poles, etc. To remove the MW, you need to throw a cat or a strong knotted stick on it with tied to her with a rope. Pull the rope because of shelter or lying on the ground to avoid defeat if the MZP is mined.
When approaching the object, you need to make sure that -6s do not suddenly fall on the MPP. If this happens, do not fuss, make sudden movements. It is necessary to carefully, without touching the buttons, buckles and parts of equipment and weapons for the wire, to get rid of the hooked loop and go back, slowly and high with legs raised toe down.
When operating on military vehicles, it is better to bypass the MZP or overcome it along a completed passage. When an obstacle is hit by a machine’s caterpillars (wheels), it is caught in one or several packages, wound around the axles, shafts and other rotating parts of the machine and jammed them, so you should not try to overcome the obstacle, hoping for engine power.
In case of an unexpected collision of a combat vehicle at the plant, it is necessary to immediately stop and release the vehicle from the wire with your hands, cutting and chopping off the wire loops. After this, you need to reverse, free yourself from the hooked part of the MPZ, then bypass the section of the fence or make a passage in it.

Instruction manual

Take a medical examination at the military registration and enlistment office. She must confirm that you have very good health and high physical performance. At the end of the commission, you must conclude in the prescribed form.

Then write a statement addressed to the military commissioner, in which ask to send you to serve in and state on which you want to join the ranks of military intelligence. Indicate what sports categories and special skills you have. Tourism, skydiving, shooting, martial arts - all this will increase your chances of becoming a scout.

Since this type of force deals with classified documents, you must have a crystal clear biography in order to be admitted. Neither you nor your immediate family can have a criminal record. In addition, you should not be registered in a neuropsychiatric or narcological clinic.

During the call, once again state your request to the military commissar and list all your special merits. Get ready for the fact that you will not immediately be sent to the type of troops you need. At the same time, try to get into motorized rifle or tank troops, then your chances of fulfilling your dream during further service will increase. Try to get in touch with those officers who come to pick up the draftees. However, be prepared for the fact that you can be checked on the spot for physical qualities and moral stability.

You can get into intelligence by distinguishing yourself in any way. Try to show as much zeal as possible during training while completing the course of a young fighter. If you notice, it will be possible to contact the commander of the nearest reconnaissance unit with a request for a transfer.

Recently, the media began to issue more and more reports on the activities of Russian intelligence units. Therefore, for many teenagers, the dream of intelligence seems to be a professional field.
The intelligence system of the Russian Federation includes a set of services, bodies and units of various departments of the executive branch of government, which collect and use useful information about the current state and developing potential of foreign countries in all areas of activity.

Instruction manual

The intelligence system of the Russian Federation includes a complex of services, bodies and units of various departments of the executive branch, collecting and using useful information about the current state and developing potential of the foreign world in all areas of activity.

The deepest interest is shown in the military-industrial complex, political and economic trends, and scientific and technological development. Therefore, in order to choose your path, more specifically determine your own inclinations to a particular type of activity in order to understand the chosen field at an impeccable level. Deeply study a couple of foreigners to own them at least at the conversational level. Please note that the most popular at the moment are Chinese and Arabic.

The human endurance of a candidate for intelligence officer significantly prevails over physical strength, so engage in those sports that are primarily aimed at developing the inner spirit. Give your preference to Japanese martial arts, where in the process of training, along with dexterity and skill, half of the classes are devoted to spiritual self-improvement.

The young fighter’s course consists in acquiring and developing abilities, abilities and skills that help the future employee to feel normal in any situation, even in extreme conditions, while taking balanced decisions about the fulfillment of operational and service tasks. As an applicant for such a responsible position, get ready to undergo a complicated course, which includes increased physical, intellectual and psychological stress every day for a long time.

A person can serve in intelligence, realizing that a long amount of time will mainly be in openly hostile conditions, in which the likelihood of assistance from outside practically disappears. Therefore, get used to thinking on your own, carefully weigh each step, calculating the likely consequences.

For combat support of troops, the most important type is military intelligence. It performs the tasks of extracting and studying information about the enemy, the terrain and the area of \u200b\u200bthe upcoming military operations, which are necessary for units and subunits to carry out the tasks. Service in the ranks of intelligence structures is always perceived with respect among the population.

Instruction manual

Know that one desire for military intelligence is not enough. Reconnaissance units and subunits are the elite of the ground forces. The selection of personnel in their ranks is carried out very strictly and is large among young people. Having the dream of getting into intelligence, get ready for this test seriously and in advance.

Start with the most important thing - with the passage of the medical commission for the suitability of service. At the military commissariat, specify the criteria for medical selection for draftees in this type of armed forces. Go through the commission and get an opinion on the form A-1 or A-2.

Having passed the medical commission, write a statement addressed to the commissioner with a request to send you to serve on land. In it, explain your desire to serve in military intelligence. In the report, indicate your motives and sports categories, profession. Skydiving, driver’s license and shooting range will strengthen your chances of joining the elite troops. Strength training is welcome. This statement will fit your personal file and it will be your business card.