How to find out the mode of precipitation by climatogram. Key climatic indicators

1. Description of climatogram:

The columns in the climatogram are the number of months; the first letters of the months are marked below. Sometimes four seasons are depicted, sometimes not all months.
The temperature scale on the left is marked. Zero mark can stand as the first from the bottom, and in the middle. Above zero - positive temperatures, below - negative.
The isotherm is represented by a line, the positive is red, the negative is blue.
The scale of precipitation is marked on the right.
Each blue column is the average monthly precipitation, if we add them, we will get an average annual value.
At the top or bottom of the figure shows the annual rainfall.

2. The temperature zone can determine the climatic zone:

if t + 24- + 26 during the whole year, then this is the equatorial belt;
if the amplitude t is insignificant (3–7 degrees) above +20, then this is a subequatorial belt;
if the amplitude is larger, but winter temperatures do not fall below +10, then this is a tropical belt;
if winter temperatures are approx. zero, + 3- + 5, then it is subtropics;
if negative temperatures appear, then this is a moderate, subpolar or polar belt.

3. The type of climate can be determined not only by the amplitude of temperatures, but also by the amount of precipitation and the mode of their precipitation:

if the annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, this is an equatorial or maritime climate;
if there is also a lot of precipitation during the year, but there is a month of drought - this is a variable-humid climate;
if the average annual rainfall of less than 150 mm is a semi-desert or desert climate;
if there is very little rain in summer and a lot of it in winter (average annual from 700 to 1000 mm), then this is a Mediterranean climate;
if, on the contrary, in winter time there is little precipitation, and 2/3 precipitation falls in summer, then this is a monsoon climate. In the temperate zone in such a climate, the annual amount does not exceed 800 mm, and in the subtropics it reaches 1500 mm.

Analysis.

This is an equatorial belt, because the temperature throughout the year is +24 - + 26 ° C.

This confirms a large and uniform amount of precipitation.

4. According to the temperature regime, hemispheres can be determined:

if the decrease in temperature (winter) in January is the climatogram of the northern hemisphere;
if the decrease in temperature (winter) in July is the climatogram of the southern hemisphere.

5. How to distinguish:

Subequatorial from Tropical monsoon climate?

The precipitation regime is almost the same (it is hot and dry in summer), and the amount is also the same (in the 2000 SE - 2500 mm, and in the Tam. 1500 - 3500 mm). The difference can be seen in the amplitude of temperatures (SE - summer +30, winter - + 26 ° С; T.us. - summer +30, and winter + 20 ° С)

Analysis.

This is a tropical belt, because the temperature in winter is above +10.
This is the southern hemisphere because it is winter in July.
This is a humid climate, because the annual rainfall is more than 2000 mm and is fairly even.

- Equatorial from Tropical wet?

The precipitation regime is almost the same - the amount of precipitation is uniform throughout the year (in E more than 2000 mm, in T.vl - from 1500 to 2500 mm), and the temperatures during the year are excellent - in E. during the year almost the same +24 - + 26 ° С, and in T.vl. - in winter +17, and in summer +26.

- Tropical monsoon from moderate monsoon? from the subtropical monsoon?

The precipitation regime is almost the same (almost all precipitation falls in summer), and the quantity is different: in T. and ST.us. more than 1500 mm, and in U. muss. 700-800 mm per year. And temperatures are also excellent:

1) in the Tropical monsoon: winter +20, summer +30;

2) in W.Mus .: winter from -5 (Atlantic coast of Canada) to -23 (Khabarovsk, Russia), summer + 18- + 20.

3) in ST.mus .: winter -1 + 5, summer + 23 + 25.

- Moderately continental, continental and sharply continental Moderate belt?

First, there is a regular increase in the amplitude of temperatures (winter is longer and colder, summer is shorter and hotter):

- y: winter -12-15, summer + 12 + 15.

- to: winter -16-20, summer +20.

- rk: winter -30 (up to -70), summer + 20 + 25.

Secondly, the amount of precipitation decreases (the distance from the Atlantic increases):

- y: 500 - 700 mm

- to: 400 - 500 mm

- rk: 300 - 400 mm

Analysis.

This is a moderate belt, because the temperature in winter is below 0, and in summer it is above +10.
This is the northern hemisphere, because winter is in July.
This is a sharply continental climate, because the amplitude of temperatures is very high 65 degrees, and the annual precipitation is less than 400 mm with a summer maximum (July).

Algorithm for solving some tasks from the exam on climate.

Task number 1.

According to the data in the table, build a climatogram using the proposed data.

	t ° C	Amount of precipitation	For which of the following cities - Moscow, Norilsk, Vladivostok, Krasnoyarsk - are the given data applicable? Based on these climatograms, justify your answer.
January	-22	10
February	-15	30
March	-5	35
April	-2	50
May	+3	65
June	+12	65
July	+16	70
August	+15	60
September	+6	45
October	0	35
November	-10	20
December	-13	15

Decision:

1. Build climatogram:

a) Draw 12 columns - the number of months. Bottom sign them first letters.
b) Analyze the data and format the legend of the climatogram. I made a decision - to mark the temperature after 10 degrees, and the amount of precipitation - after 20 mm.
c) Add up all the indications of precipitation and write down the average annual figure from below.

2. Analyze climatogram:

a) We know that Moscow, Vladivostok and Krasnoyarsk are in the temperate zone, but in different types of climate. And the city of Norilsk is in the subarctic zone.
b) On the climatogram, summer temperatures of the temperate zone are +16. But moderate air masses also come to the subarctic belt in summer. But on the graph in the winter frosty -22. And we know that Arctic air masses come to the subarctic belt in winter, which means it should be below -30 degrees. The first conclusion is not Norilsk.
c) Moscow is in a moderately continental climate, which means there is a rather mild winter (-16), and there should be more precipitation (600-700 mm). The second conclusion is not Moscow.
d) This is not Vladivostok, because there is a temperature regime in Moscow, but more precipitation is up to 1000 mm. Although mode precipitation is similar to the regime on climatogram - monsoons come in summer and bring a lot of rain.
d) This is the climatogram of the city of Krasnoyarsk: summer is like in Moscow, it is cold in winter (growth of continentality), there is little precipitation, with spring - summer regime.

The main conclusion is the climatic pattern of the city of Krasnoyarsk, temperate zone, continental climate.

Task number 6

The figure shows climatograms compiled for points A and B located in Europe at approximately the same latitude and height above sea level. Determine which one is located to the west. Justify your answer.

Answer:

Europe is under the influence of the western winds of the temperate zone, which means that it is strongly influenced by the warm Atlantic Ocean.

Point B is to the west, i.e. closer to the ocean.

- Because on this climatogram it is shown that more precipitation falls.
- because in winter, in January, +4 degrees, i.e. winter is warmer;
- because the amplitude of annual temperatures at point B is less than at point A, then the climate at point A is more continental (although not much).

Task number 7.

Determine in which hemisphere and in which climatic zone the point is located, the climate of which is shown on the climatogram.

Give the necessary justification for your answer.

Answer:

Winter, i.e. lowering the temperature in July. So this southern hemisphere.
Winter temperatures are above +10 degrees, but below +20. So this is a tropical belt.
There is very little precipitation, which means it is a desert climate.

summary of other presentations

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"Life in South America" - Titan Lumberjack. Victoria regia flowers are extraordinarily beautiful and are located on the surface of the water. Butterflies The water lily, or water lily, which blooms in June in central Russia, has been seen by everyone. Scoop Agrippina. Notched eyes. The color of the beetle is brown brown or resin-brown. By the middle of the leaf is attached petiole, extending deep into the water. Victoria regia refers to a group of aquatic flowering plants.

"Wildlife of South America" - Waterfalls of South America. South America. Tropical forests of South America. Anaconda. Animal world of South America. Corn. Amazon river. Mainland geographical records. Jaguar. Cocoa. Beautiful river. Lakes of South America. Mountains of South America.

OGE Climatogram ALGORITHM

In order to complete the task, you need to determine in which climate zone

point is locatedwhose climatogram is given in the assignment. When performing a task, you will need the ability to “read” the mean values. t ° of air shown in the graph and the average monthly amount of precipitation shown in the bar graph. It is important not only to know the main differences of the average monthly t ° of air across the climate. belts, but also remember how their course differs in seasons in the southern hemisphere.

Algorithm of the decision:

By temperature mode can define hemispheres:

if the decrease in temperature (winter) in January is the climatogram of the northern hemisphere;

if the temperature drops (winter) in July is the climatogram of the southern hemisphere

By fluctuation (amplitude) temperature can determine the climate zone:

if t + 24 ° - + 26 ° throughout the year - it means this equatorial belt;

if the amplitude t ° is insignificant (3 ° –7 °) above + 20 °, then this is a subequatorial belt;

if the amplitude is larger, but the winter t ° does not fall below + 10 °, then this is a tropical belt;

if winter t ° is near zero, + 3 ° - + 5 °, then these are subtropics;

if negative t ° appear, then it is moderate, subarct. or arctic belt.

The type of climate can be determined not only by the amplitude of temperatures, but alsoby precipitation and precipitation :

if year rainfall over 2000 mm is equatorial or maritime climate;

if there is also a lot of precipitation during the year, but there is a month of drought - this is a variable-humid climate;

if middle year rainfall less than 150 mm is half empty. or desert climate;

if there is very little rain in summer and a lot of it in winter (average annual from 700 to 1000 mm), then this is a Mediterranean climate;

if, on the contrary, in winter time there is little precipitation, and 2/3 precipitation falls in summer, then this is a monsoon climate. In the temperate zone in such a climate, the annual amount does not exceed 800 mm, and in the subtropics it reaches 1500 mm.

Climate - annually recurring types of weather characteristic of the area. Climate belt - territory (geographical area) with the same temperature indicators and precipitation according to the seasons of the year.

Inside climate belts(long) can be climatic zoneswhich are slightly different in temperature and quite precipitation, for example: marine type, continental type, sharply continental type, monsoon type, desert type, etc.

Clim. the belts change from the equator mirror, have curved boundaries, since fall on the washed by the sea terr., then far from the seas without precipitation, then on the plains, then on the mountain areas.

Arctic

Subarctic

Moderate

Subtropical

Tropical

Subequatorial

Equatorial

Subequatorial

Tropical

Subtropical

Moderate· Subantarctic Antarctic

Uhquatorial the climate is constantly high air temperature (+ 24 ° С), its even course throughout the year and the uniform distribution of a huge amount of precipitation (more than 2000 mm).

Subequatorial the climate is typical of hot temperatures throughout the year (+ 24 ° C), dry winters and very humid summers (about 1000 mm).

Tropical dry - very hot summer (above + 32 ° С) and extremely low annual precipitation throughout the year (less than 200 mm).

Subtropical Mediterranean - warm winter (0 ° С - + 10 ° С), hot summer (above + 24 ° С) and precipitation during the winter period.

Moderate

sea -fairly warm in winter (from -8 ° C to 0 ° C), in cool summer (+ 16 ° C) and a large amount of precipitation (over 800 mm), evenly falling throughout the year.

moderately continental Characterized by fluctuations in air temperature from about -8 ° C in January to + 18 ° C in July, there is more precipitation here - 600-800 mm, which falls mostly in summer.

continental - lower temperatures in winter (up to -20 ° C) and less precipitation (about 600 mm).

sharply continental - winter will be even colder - down to -40 ° C, and even less precipitation - 400-500 mm.

monsoon - cold winters (from -12 ° C to -24 ° C), cool summer (+ 16 ° C), a large amount of precipitation (800 mm), which falls mainly in summer.

Subarctic -low temperatures in winter, but the average July temperature reaches +8 - + 12 ° С, the annual precipitation is about 400 mm, which falls mainly in the summer months.

Arctic -very low temperatures in winter and maximum temperatures in summer barely reach 0 ° С, low precipitation throughout the year.

Antarctic - constantly negative air temperature throughout the year, extremely low July temperatures (down to -60 ° C) and very little precipitation (up to 50 mm).

How to distinguish:

subequatorial from tropical monsoon climate?

The precipitation regime is almost the same (it is hot and dry in summer), and the amount is also the same (in the 2000 SE - 2500 mm, and in the Tam. 1500 - 3500 mm). The difference can be seen in the amplitude of temperatures (SE - summer +30° , winter - + 26 ° С; Tmus - summer +30° , and winter + 20 ° С)

equatorial from tropical wet?

The precipitation regime is almost the same - the amount of precipitation is uniform throughout the year (in E more than 2000 mm, in T. in. - from 1500 to 2500 mm), and the temperatures during the year are excellent - in E. during the year almost the same +24° - + 26 ° С, and in T.vl. - in winter +17° and in summer +26° .

tropical monsoon from moderate monsoon? from subtropical monsoon?

1) in the Tropical monsoon: winter +20° , summer +30° ;

2) in W.Mus .: winter from -5° (Atlantic coast of Canada) to -23° (Khabarovsk, Russia), summer +18° -+20 ° .

3) in ST.us .: winter -1° +5 ° , summer +23° +25 ° .

moderately continental, continental and sharply continental temperate belt?

First, there is a regular increase in the amplitude of temperatures (winter is longer and colder, summer is shorter and hotter):

– yk: winter -12° -15 ° , summer +12° +15 ° .

– to: winter -16° -20 ° , summer +20° .

– rk: winter -30° (up to -70° ), summer +20° +25 ° .

Secondly, the amount of precipitation decreases (the distance from the Atlantic increases):

– at: 500 - 700 mm

– to: 400 - 500 mm

– rk: 300 - 400 mm

Climatogram analysis №1

it tropical beltbecause the temperature in winter is above + 10 °

it southern Hemispherebecause winter is in July.

it wet climate, because the annual rainfall is more than 2000 mm and is fairly even.

Climatogram analysis №2

it temperate zonebecause the temperature in winter is below 0 °, and in summer above + 10 °.

it north hemispherebecause winter is in July.

it sharp continental climate, because the amplitude of temperatures is very high 65 °, and the annual precipitation is less than 400 mm with a summer maximum (July).

Russian climate

Arctic Klim. belt . The polar regions of Russia: the islands of the North. Ice. ocean and extreme sowing. coast of the mainland. parts. t ° Jan from - 24 to - 32 0 С, July from 0 to + 8 0 С, Precipitation - up to 200 mm.

Subarkt. belt - for the Arctic Circle in europ. parts and Zap. Siberia, the territory of V. Siberia and the Far East to the 60th parallel. Clim. indicators change in h. and c. parts as follows: t ° January from - 16 to - 48 0 С, t ° July to + 8 0 С, precipitation - from 200 to 600 mm. Pole of cold

Moderate Klim. belt:

Moderately-continent. climate type characteristic of europ. parts of Russia. Mostly western transfer of VM. Air from Atl. Ocean reduces the severity of winters, and brings coolness in summer. t ° January from - 8 to - 16 0 С, July from + 8 to + 24 0 С, precipitations of 400-600 mm (more in the north-western part).

Continent. climate type observed in Zap. Siberia. The flatness of the territory and the slope in the direction of the North. Ice. The ocean causes AB to penetrate far to the south. Ural Mountains prevent the penetration of the VM with Atl. the ocean. Characteristic meridian circulation VM. t ° January from - 16 to - 24 0 С, July + 16 to + 24 0 С, precipitation 400 - 600 mm.

Sharply continent. climate type observed in East. Siberia. Characteristically round-dichnoe supremacy KVUSH. t ° January to - 32 0 С, July to + 16 0 С, the amount of precipitation is 200 - 600 mm.

Monsoon climate type - Far East. In summer, the sea air is carried out from the Pacific Ocean, which causes heavy rains, and in the winter anticyclonic frosty weather prevails. In January from - 8 to - 32 0 С, in July from + 8 to + 16 0 С, the amount of precipitation is 800 mm (it falls in summer)

Marine climate type characteristic of the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island. In January from - 8 to - 16 0 С, in July to + 16 0 С, precipitations up to 800 mm (drop out during the year)

Subtrop Klim belt - on a narrow strip along the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Sochi. In January from + 1 to + 6 0 С, in July from + 20 to + 24 0 С, the amount of precipitation is more than 1000 mm. Features: positive winter temperatures and Novorossiysk boron.

Earth climates

Climate type	Clim. belt	Wedt° ° C		Mode and number atm Os.,		Atmospheric circulation		Territory

			During a year. 2000		In the field down. atm pressure form warm and wet equat. VM		Equator. areas of Africa, South America and Oceania
Trope. monsoon			2000				South and Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, Northern Australia
			During a year, 200				C. Africa, Center. Australia
Mediterranean			Mostly in winter, 500		In the summer - anticyclones at high atm. pressure; in the winter - cyclonic. activity		Mediterranean, Southern Coast of Crimea, South Africa, Southwestern Australia, Western California
Subtrop dry			During a year. 120		Dry continent. VM		The interior of the continents
Moderate marine			During a year. 1000		Westerly winds		Zap.chasti Eurasia and S. America, Kamchatka Peninsula
Temperate continent.			During a year. 400		Westerly winds		Int. parts of the continents Rus plain, Zap Siberia
Moderately sharp continent.			less than 500 mm		Siberian anticyclone		The interior of the continents V. Siberia
Moderate monsoon			In the main. during the summer monsoon, 560				Eastern outskirts of Eurasia, D. East
Subarctic			During a year, 200		In the summer - HC, in the winter-AB Cyclones prevail		Northern outskirts of Eurasia and S. America
Arctic (Antarctic)	Arct. (antarctic)		During a year, 100		Anticyclones prevail		Water area Sev. Arctic Ocean and Antarctica

There are such tasks that a climatogram is given and it is necessary to determine exactly the type of climate, and sometimes a more specific task - a hemisphere or even a country. This is how the task looks like:

So, it is necessary to pay attention to temperature fluctuations, for them there will be such conditions:

Also pay attention to precipitation and their fallout regime, the conditions will be these:

Climatogram is designed to show the main climatic indicators throughout the year. Blue columns determine the amount of precipitation for a particular month, the curved line characterizes the average monthly air temperature. At the same time, having an idea of the main characteristics of the Earth climate types, after analyzing the climatogram, it is quite possible to determine the characteristic climate type.

Climatogram (formed from climate and ... gram), climagram is a graphic representation of the annual course of two any elements of climate, usually these are temperature and precipitation.

Description of climatogram:

The columns in the climatogram are the number of months, which are indicated by the first letters.

On the left is the temperature scale. The zero mark can be located both below and in the middle. Above, pros; below minuses; quot ;.

Line - isotherm; red - plus ", blue - minus";

The right is the scale of precipitation.

Each blue (monthly) column has an average monthly precipitation. When they are added, we get the average annual value.

The top or bottom figures show annual rainfall.

Analysis of this climatogram.

Item number	Indicators

	Air and soil temperature Average by months Average per year Absolute air temperature Temperature of the coldest five days with security 0.92 Average daily amplitude of air temperature of the coldest month Duration of period with average daily air temperature £ 8 ºС Average temperature of air, period with average daily air temperature £ 8 ºС Average maximum air temperature of the warmest month Absolute maximum air temperature Average daily temperature amplitude air tours of the warmest month Humidity Average monthly relative humidity of the coldest month Average monthly relative humidity of the warmest month June - August Solar radiation Amount of heat coming from direct, diffuse and total radiation to the horizontal The amount of hydrochloric surface heat supplied from the direct, diffuse and total radiation on a vertical surface

Estimated standards are determined by probabilistic values, and the probability (probability) is set depending on the designed duration of the facility operation. Thus, the temperature of outside air in SNiP is given by security of 0.98 and 0.92.

Theme 2 The main characteristics of the climate and their importance in the design

Basic climatic characteristics

Construction climatology provides for consideration of the climate when solving architectural and construction tasks, compiling the climatic characteristics of the construction area in order to identify favorable and unfavorable for human climate factors.

The climate of our country is diverse, its effects are varied man, on the formation of habitat. Without climate, it is impossible to build economically, fairly well; It is impossible to create conditions favorable for human activity.

Climate affects the durability of buildings - the duration of their operation, which is determined by the ability to withstand climatic influences. In order to neutralize negative climate factors and use positive ones, it is necessary, after examining the climate of the construction area, to select the most suitable building materials that in a known manner react to frost or heat, increased or decreased humidity, resistant to corrosion, etc .; to determine the layout of the building, providing the greatest comfort for the person.

Climate indicators can be divided into two groups - general and special.

The general climate indicators include: temperature (t, ° C), humidity (w,%), air movement (u, m / s), solar radiation (P, W / m 2).

Temperature - one of the most important climatic elements. Table 2 shows the temperature scales and their relationship.

table 2

Temperature scales

The temperature during the working time of the day t av dn depends on the average climate temperature, for some months, the year t av mon and the average amplitude of temperature fluctuations At n during the day and has the greatest value for thermal performance.

Taking into account the thermal effects on humans, the following types of weather are highlighted:

- cold (below +8 ° С);

- cool (8-15 ° С);

- warm (16-28 ° С);

- hot (above +28 ° С);

- very cold (below -12 ° C);

- very hot (above +32 ° C).

The duration of the typical types of weather throughout the year determines the main features of the climate that influence the constructive and architectural solutions of buildings.

The durability of a building depends on the state of its main parts - foundation, load-bearing walls or frame, enclosing structures. Under varying exposure to heat and cold, structural materials are destroyed. Intensive destruction occurs with a rapid change in temperature and, especially, with temperature drops with transitions through 0 ° C.

Therefore, when designing buildings take into account:

- estimated temperature of the coldest day and five days;

- amplitudes of air temperature fluctuations - daily, monthly, annual.

Humidity of the air significantly affects the humidity state of structures.

To determine the humidity regime use the following indicators.

Absolute humidityf, g / m 3, is the amount of moisture in grams contained in 1 m 3 of air.

Partial pressure (elasticity) of water vapore, Pa, - pressure g or steam in a mixture with other gases - gives an idea of the amount of water vapor contained in the air.

The state of complete air saturation with water vapor is called saturation campW, g / m 3. The saturation camp is constant at a given air temperature.

Partial pressure limitE, Pa, corresponds to the complete saturation of air with water vapor.

With increasing air temperature, the values of E and W increase. The values of E for air with different temperatures are given in table 3.

Table 3

Values of the maximum partial pressure of water vapor E, Pa, for different temperatures (at atm. Pressure ...)

Relative humidityj characterizes the degree of air saturation with water vapor and is defined as the ratio of absolute humidity to saturation mill at a constant temperature:

The relative humidity of the air can be defined as the ratio of the absolute partial pressure to the partial pressure in the saturation mill:

The value of j affects the intensity of evaporation of moisture from any wetted surfaces.

The value of j distinguish the humidity of the premises:

dry (j<50%);

normal (j = 50¸60%);

wet (j = 61¸75%);

wet (j\u003e 75%).

As the air temperature rises, the relative humidity j decreases, the partial pressure e remains constant, and the value E increases, since warm air may be more saturated with moisture vapor than cold air.

As the temperature decreases, the relative humidity j increases and can reach 100% and at a certain temperature it can be E = e, a state of complete air saturation with water vapor occurs. The temperature at which complete saturation of air with water vapor occurs is called dew point temperaturet p . With a further decrease in the air temperature t in, inside the room, the excess moisture passes into a liquid state - it condenses, and as a liquid it settles on the fence.

The value of j affects the processes of condensation of moisture in the thickness and on the surface of the fence, the moisture content of the material of the fence.

Example of determining the dew point:

Increased humidity affects the performance of structures, reduces their usefulness and adversely affects the indoor climate. When designing, a calculation is made of possible moisture, condensation on the surface or in the thickness of the fence.

The combination of temperature and humidity determine the comfort conditions in the premises. The requirements for comfort conditions are set in sanitary and hygienic standards, taking into account the climatic region of construction. This is due to the peculiarities of the influence of climate on the human body in various conditions. In areas with cold winters to normalize the thermal state of a person in a dwelling requires a higher temperature in the room than in warmer areas.

Depending on the climate, the ratio of temperature and humidity of the outside air and inside the room, the movement of water vapor through the enclosure takes place outside or inside the room.

For example, in Moscow during the year the outside air temperature (table 4) rarely exceeds the indoor temperature (18 ° C), the heat flow to the outside prevails. The absolute humidity of the air is 50–60% inside the premises most of the year is higher than outside (table 5), therefore, the movement of water vapor from the room to the outside predominates. As a measure to prevent condensation dampening of fences, Moscow provides for a waterproofing layer closer to the inside of the wall (to the wettest area of the fence).

Table 4

Average monthly and annual air temperature, ° С

Table 5

Humidity and precipitation

Therefore, it is impossible to automatically transfer preventive measures from an area to another, without taking into account the climate, namely, temperature and humidity.

Number of dropdowns precipitation and their intensity are of great importance when designing. The effect of precipitation on building fences is significant.

When it rains with strong gusty winds, the walls are moistened. In the cold season, the moisture moves inside the structure from cooler and more humid layers to warmer and drier layers.

If the fence is light, moisture can reach the inside surface of the wall. If the walls are massive, the moisture does not penetrate inside the room, but such walls slowly dry out, and when the temperature drops, the moisture inside the structures freezes and destroys the walls. Destruction is accelerated by thaws. Drizzling long-term precipitations have a more harmful effect than intensive, short-lasting in the form of small droplets. Small droplets are held onto the surface and absorbed by the materials. Large drops roll off the walls under the influence of gravity.

Precipitation (rain, snow melt) increases the soil moisture, the groundwater level rises. It is dangerous for buildings the possibility of swelling of the soil, flooding the underground part of the building.

The amount of snow falling increases the load on the roofs of buildings. When designing coatings take into account the possibility of intense snowfall, creating a short-term load.

Wind has a direct impact on the building. The temperature and humidity regime of the territory depends on the direction and speed of the air flow. The heat emission of buildings depends on the wind speed. Wind regime affects the layout, orientation of buildings, the placement of industrial and residential areas, the direction of streets.

For example. In Siberia and the Urals, the inner surface of the outer wall, which is located perpendicular to the cold wind, is somewhat colder than with calm. In winter, in Murmansk, apartments with windows facing south are colder than those oriented to the north, because the south wind is colder there. In hot climates, the arrangement of the rooms can achieve through ventilation of the apartments, i.e. the wind improves the microclimate of the home. In wet areas, the wind accelerates the drying of fences, thus increasing the durability of buildings.

Radiant energy of the sun (solar radiation) creates natural illumination of the earth's surface. Solar radiation can be defined as the amount of energy per surface unit, W / m 2.

The spectrum of solar radiation consists of ultraviolet rays (about 1%), visible rays that shine (about 45%), and infrared rays that heat (about 54%).

Only a portion of solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface: direct, diffuse, and reflected.

The amount of total (direct and diffuse) solar radiation is given in the SNiP for horizontal and vertical surfaces.

Irradiation of any surface by direct sunlight is called insolation. Insolation of a territory or premises is measured by the duration in hours, the irradiation area and the depth of sunlight penetration into the room.

The positive effect of insolation is determined by the bactericidal properties of sunlight and heat exposure.

The amount of solar radiation also depends on the latitude of the construction area, the time of year, and has the maximum intensity in the summer period (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Comparison of the intensity of solar radiation.

The amount of incoming solar radiation depends on the heating of the walls and the indoor temperature. When the windows are open, the room receives heat as much as the walls. When the windows are closed, a part of the radiation is reflected from the glass, a part is absorbed by the glass and window covers, heating them. With single glazing, about half of the incident radiation penetrates through the window (41–58%), with double glazing, about 1/3 of the radiation (23–40%) penetrates.

Considering the influence of solar radiation on a building, one should take into account the absorption capacity of various materials, which depends on their color and condition. Table 6 shows the absorption capacity of various materials.